\ 



Reprint of October, 1911. ^ 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 135. 

B. T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau.. 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN THE PIEDMONT AND BLUE 
RIDGE REGIONS OF VIRGINIA AND THE 
SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. 



BY 



H. P. GOULD, 

POMOLOGIST IN ChAEGE OF FrUIT DISTRICT INVESTIGATIONS. 



Issued Decembeb 31, 1908. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1911. 



BULLETINS OF THE BUBEATJ OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 



The scientific and technical publications of the Bureau of Plant Industrj'^, which was organized July 
1, 1901, are issued in a single series of bulletins, a hst of which follows: 

Attention is directed to the fact that the pul)lications in this series are not for general distribution. 
The Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, is authorized by 
law to sell them at cost, and to him all applications for these bulletins should be made, accompanied 
by a postal money order for the required amount or. by cash. Numbers omitted from this list can not 
l)e furnished. , 

No. 1. The Relation of Lime and Magnesia to Plant Growth. 1901. Price, 10 cents. 

2. SpermattDgenesis and Fecundation of Zamia. 1901. Price, 20 cents. 

3. Macaroni Wheats. 1901. Price, 20 cents. 

4. Range Improvement^n Arizona. 1901. Price, 10 cents. 

6. A List of American Varieties of Peppers. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

7. The Algerian Durum Wheats. 1902. Price, 15 cents. 
9. The North American Species of Spartina. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

10. Records of Seed Distribution, etc. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

11. Johnson Grass. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

12. Stock Ranges of Northwestern California. 1902. Price, 15 cents. 

13. Range Improvement in Central Texas. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 
15. Forage Conditions on the Border of the Great Basin. 1902. Price, 15 cents. 
17. Some Diseases of the Cowpea. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 
20. Manufacture of Semolina and Macaroni. 1902. Price, 15 cents. 
22. Injurious Effects of Premature Pollinatii)n. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

24. Unfermented Grape Must. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

25. Miscellaneous Papers. 1903. Price, 15 cents. 

27. Letters on Agriculture in. the West Indies, Spain, etc. 1902. Price, 15 cents. 

29. The Effect of Black-Rot on Turnips. 1903. Price, 15 cents. 

31. Cultivated Forage Crops of the Northwestern States. 1902. Price, 10 cents. 

32. A Disease of the White Ash. 1903. Price, 10 cents. 

33. North American Species of Leptochloa. - 1903. Price, 15 cents. 
35. Recent Foreign Explorations. 1903. Price, 15 cents. 

30. The "Bluing" of the Western Yellow Pine, etc. 1903. Price, 30 cents. 

37. Formation of the Spores in the Sporangia of Rhizopus Nigricans and of Phycomyces Nitens. 

1903. Price, 15 cents. 

38. Forage Conditions in Eastern Washington, etc. 1903. Price, 15 cents. 

39. The Propagation of the Easter Lily from Seed.- 1903. Price, 10 cents. 
41. The Commercial Grading of Corn. 1903. Price, 10 cents. 

43. Japanese Bamboos. 1903. Price, 10 cents. 

45. Physiological Role of Mineral Nutrients in Plants. 1903. Price, 5 cents. 

47. The Description of Wheat' Varieties. 1903. Price, 10 cents, 

48, The Apple in Cold Storage. 1903. Price, 15 cents. 

, 49. Culture of the Central American Rubber Tree. 1903. Prjce, 25 cents. 

50. Wild Rice: Its Uses and Propagation. 1903. Price, 10 cents. 

51. Miscellaneous Papers. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

54. Persian Gulf Dates. 1903. Price, 10 cents. 

55. The Dry-Rot of Potatoes. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

56. Nomenclature of the Apple. 1905. Price, 3p cents. 

57. Methods U.sed for Controlling Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

58. The Vitality and Gennination of Seeds. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

59. Pasture, Meadow, and Forage Crops in Nebraska. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 
00. A Soft Rot of the Calla Lily. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

02. Notes on Egyptian Agriculture. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

03. Investigations of Rusts. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

04. A Method of Destroying or Preventing the Growth of Algic and Certain Pathogenic Bacteria 

in Water Supplies. 1904. Price, 5 cents. 
65. Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

67. Range Investigations in Arizona. 1904. Price, 15 cents. 

68. North American Species of Agrostis. J.905. Price, 10 cents. 



135 



[Continued on page 3 of cover.] 



Bui. 135, Bureau of Plaiit Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate I. 




/ 

Reprint of October, 1911. 

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY— BULLETIN NO. 135. 

B, T. GALLOWAY, Chief of Bureau. 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN THE PIEDMONT AND BLUE 
RIDGE REGIONS OF VIRGINIA AND THE 

SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. ' ' 

BY 
\ 

H. P; GOULD, 

POMOLOGIST IN ChAEGE OF FrUIT DISTRICT INVESTIGATIONS. 



Issued December 31, 1908. 




WASHINGTON: 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
1911. 




BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY. 



Physiologist and Pathologist, and Chief of Bureau, Beverly T. Galloway. -J /\ 

Physiologist and Pathologist, and Assistant Chief of Bureau, Albert F. Woods. Pv A 
Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Erwin F. Smith, Pathologist in Charge. 
Fruit Disease Investigations, Merton B. Waite, Pathologist in Charge. 
Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Haven Metcalf, Pathologist in Charge. 

Cotton and Truck Diseases and Plant Disease Survey, William A. Orton, Pathologist in Charge. 
Pathological Collections and Inspection Work, Flora W. Patterson, Mycologist in Charge. 
Plant Life History Investigations, Walter T. Swingle, Physiologist in Charge. 

Cotton Breeding Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel and Daniel N. Shoemaker, Physiologists in Charge. 
Tobacco Investigations, Archibald D. Shamel, Wightman W. Gamer, and Ernest H. Mathewson, in 
Charge. 

Corn Investigations, Charles P. Hartley, Physiologist in Charge. 

Alkali and Drought Resistant Plant Breeding Investigations, Thomas H. Kearney, Physiologist in 
Charge. 

Soil Bacteriology and Water Purification Investigations, Karl F. Kellerman, Physiologist in Charge. 
Bionomic Investigations of Tropical and Subtropical Plants, Orator F. Cook, Bionomist in Charge. 
Drug and Poisonous Plant and Tea Culture Investigations, Rodney H. True, Physiologist in Charge. 
Physical Laboratory, Lyman J. Brigg-s, Physicist in Charge. 

Crop Technology and Fiber Plant Investigations, Nathan A. Cobb, Crop Technologist in Charge. 
Taxonomic and Range Investigations, Frederick V. Coville, Botanist in Charge. 
Farm Management, William J. Spillman, Agriculturist in Charge. 
Grain Investigations, Mark Alfred Carleton, Cerealist in Charge. 

Arlington Experimental Farm and Horticultural Investigations, Lee C. Corbett, Horticulturist in 
Charge. 

Vegetable Testing Gardens, ^Yillieim W. Tracy, sr., Superintendent. 
Sugar-Beet Investigations, Charles^. Townsend, Pathologist in Charge. 
Western Agricultural Extension, Carl S. Scofield, Agriculturist in Charge. 
Dry-Land Agriculture Investigations, E. Chaining Chilcott, Agriculturist in Charge. 
Pomological Collections, Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist in Charge. 

Field Investigations in Pomology, William A. ^Taylor and G. Harold Powell, Pomologists in Charge. 

Experimental Gardens and Grounds, Edward M. Byrnes, Superintendent. 

Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, t)avid Fairchild, Agricultural Explorer in Charge. 

Forage Crop Investigations, Charles V. Piper, Agrostologist in Charge. 

Seed Laboratory, Edgar Brown, Botanist in Charge. 

Grain Standardization, John D. Shanahan, Crop Technologist in Charge. 

Subtropical Garden, Miami, Fla., T.J. Wester, in Cllarge. 

Plant Introduction Garden, Chico, Cal., W. W. Tracy, jr.. Assistant Botanist in Charge. 
South Texas Garden, Brownsville, Tex., Edward C. Green, Pomologist in Charge. 
Farmers' Cooperative Demonstration Work, Seaman A. Kjnapp, Special Agent in Charge. 
Seed Distribution (Directed by Chief of Bureau), Lisle^i!ix)rrison, Assistant in General Charge. 



Editor, J. E. BfJckwell. 

Chief Clerk, James E. Jones. 



Field Investigations in Pomology, 
scientific staff. 

William A. Taylor, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Marketing Investigations. 

G. Harold Powell, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Transportation and Storage Investigations. 
George C. Husmann, Pomologist in Charge of Viticultural Investigations. 

A. V. Stubenrauch, Expert in Fruit Transportation. 

H. P. Gould, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District Investigations. 

L. S. Tenny, Pomologist in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage Investigations. 
S. J. Dennis, Expert in Refrigeration. 

George W. Hosford, Assistant Pomologist in Fruit Marketing, Transportation, and Storage Investiga- 
tions. 

Alfred Tournier, Special Agent in Viticultural Investigations. 

W. F. Fletcher, Scientific Assistant m Fruit District Investigations. 

H. M. White, Scientific Assistant in Fruit Markeii7i:<i, -Transportation, and Storage Investigations. 
F. L. Husmann, Viticultural Superintendent. ' • ■ 

C. A. Reed, Special Agent in Pecan Investigations. 
C. S. Pomeroy, Expert in Fruit Transportation and Storage. 
A. W. McKay, Expert m Fruit Storage. 
135 

2 ^. ^. 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 



U. S. Department of Agriculture, 

Bureau of Plant Industry, 

Office of the Chief, 
Washington, D. C, July 11, 1908. 
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith a manuscript entitled 
Orchard Fruits in the Piedmont and Blue Kidge Regions of Virginia 
and the South Atlantic States " and to recommend that it be published 
as Bulletin No. 135 of the series of this Bureau. This bulletin was 
prepared by Mr. H. P. Gould, Pomologist in Charge of Fruit District 
Investigations, and has been submitted by Mr. William A. Taylor, 
Pomologist in Charge of Field Investigations in Pomology, with a 
view to its publication. 

The fruit-growing interests in these regions have attained consider- 
able importance, though their pomological resources are compara- 
tively undeveloped at the present time. This is especially the case 
in the mountain region where there exist extensive sections which are 
doubtless of greater value for fruit growing than for any other agricul- 
tural purpose. 

The determination of the behavior of varieties of orchard fruits 
under definitely stated conditions as here set forth is believed to be of 
value in guiding the planting of varieties in the further development 
of the fruit-growing industry of these regions. New orchards are 
constantly being planted, and their success or failure is in a large 
degree dependent upon the selection of varieties adapted to the con- 
ditions under which they are to be grown and suitable for the pur- 
poses for which they are desired. In the Blue Ridge region, where 
conditions of orcharding are very variable, due to differences in eleva- 
tion and soil, very careful discrimination is of special importance in 
selecting varieties for planting. While the information here supplied 
will doubtless prove of value to prospective planters of orchards who 
already reside in these regions, it is expected that its greatest usefulness 
will be to those who are unfamiliar with the conditions, but who may 
be attracted to these sections by the opportunities which they offer 
for fruit growing. 

Respectfully, 

B. T. Galloway, 

Chief of Bureau. 

Hon. James Wilson, 

Secretary of Agriculture. 

135 3 



CONTENTS. 



Page. 

Introduction 7 

Scope of the present inquiry 13 

The physical and climatic conditions of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions . . 14 

Physical description of the regions 15 

The soils 18 

Cecil loam 19 

Cecil clay 19 

Cecil sandy loam 20 

Porters black loam 20 

Porters clay 20 

Porters sand 20 

Porters sandy loam 21 

Murrill sandy loam 21 

Murrill clay loam 21 

The climate 22 

The pomological aspect of these regions 28 

The variety problem 28 

Apples 29 

Varieties 30 

Pears 50 

Varieties 50 

Peaches 51 

Varieties 52 

Plums 59 

Varieties 60 

Cherries 61 

Grouping of varieties according to behavior at different altitudes in different 

latitudes 62 

Apples 64 

Peaches 66 

Phenological records 68 

Apples 71 

Pears 84 

Peaches 87 

Description of plates , 96 

Index 97 

135 5 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



Page. 

Plate I. A typical mountain apple orchard on the northeast slope of Sharp 

Peak (Peaks of Otter), Virginia -Frontispiece. 

II. Fig. 1. — Country characteristic of the Piedmont region, Virginia. 
Fig. 2. — A young interplanted peach and apple orchard at the base 
of Tobacco Row Mountain, Amherst County, Va., in the Pied- 
mont region 96 

III, Fig. 1. — A detached knob of the Blue Ridge in Virginia, showing a 

characteristic orchard location. Fig. 2. — Lower portion of a " cove' ' 
orchard, Albemarle County, Va 96 

IV. Relief map showing a portion of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge re- 

gions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States 96 

V. Map showing the pomological regions of Virginia and the South At- 
lantic States 96 

135 

6 



B. P. I.— 391. 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN THE PIEDMONT AND 
BLUE RIDGE REGIONS OF VIRGINIA AND 
THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. 



INTRODUCTION. 

In explanation of the nature and object of the fruit district investi- 
gations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, of which the present paper 
is the first pubHshed report, the following general outline of the work 
may assist the reader in his understanding of their relation to the 
fruit-growing interests of the country. 

That varieties of fruit are not equally well adapted to all con- 
ditions of soil, climate, elevation, etc., under which they may be 
grown is apparent to every fruit grower and to others who are in the 
habit of observing the behavior of fruit and fruit trees. The geo- 
graphical limit of the profitable commercial range of many of the 
more important varieties of fruits is comparatively well known, yet 
within such limits there are many instances which might be men- 
tioned of sections that are noted for the unusually high degree of per- 
fection to which some particular variety attains in one or more of its 
important characteristics. The degree of perfection reached may 
be in the general appearance of the fruit or in its size, form, color, 
texture, flavor, time of ripening, or keeping quality, or in the pro- 
ductiveness, vigor, and healthfulness of the tree, etc. On the other 
hand, another section within the accepted commercial range of a 
variety may have a reputation for producing fruit which is strikingly 
lacking in some desirable feature. 

While the commercial aspect of these investigations is the more 
important one from a financial point of view, it is necessary, also, to 
consider them from the standpoint of the home supply. The object 
for which fruit is to be grown must be taken into account in con- 
sidering the merits and behavior of a variety. A particular sort may 
have characteristics which render it of special value in some locality 
for a given purpose, but it may be entirely unsuited to some other 
use. A variety which in a particular location is too small or has a 
very tender skin, or the tree of which is relatively unproductive, 

135 7 



8 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



would obviously not be commercially satisfactory; yet it may pos- 
sess high dessert quahty wliich renders it desirable for home use 
where the basis of merit is not the market value of the product. 

The influence of conditions such as soil and chmate upon the 
behavior of varieties, and consequentl}" upon their relative value for 
any particular purpose, indicates the importance, and even the 
necessity, of determining those conditions or combinations of con- 
ditions wliich best meet their individual requirements, if the plant- 
ing of fruits is to be done with the greatest possible assurance of suc- 
cess. Many orchards and fruit plantations have been set out in the 
past which have been unprofitable because varieties were planted 
which were poorly adapted to the conditions under which they were 
grown; or, if not resulting in actual loss, they have been less profit- 
able than would have been the case had varieties been selected which 
were better adapted to the conditions. 

The abihty of a variety to reach a high degree of perfection, how- 
ever, does not alone determine its profitableness or desirabihty for 
any particular place. Adequate means must be at hand for trans- 
porting the product from the point where it is grown to the consumer. 
Because of insufficient means of transportation, the commercial 
growing of fruit is rendered impossible in many sections that are 
naturally well suited to certain kinds. 

In the case of quickly perishable fruits, like peaches, the exact 
time of ripening is also frequently an essential factor. It is often 
this feature which determines very largely the profitableness of a 
variety. If a particular sort ripens a few days earlier or later than 
some other one, it may be just in time to fill a period in the market 
when the supply would othermse be light, and hence it is desirable 
on this account. Similarly, another variety may be undesirable 
because its season of ripening comes at the same time as some other 
variety which has a better commercial rating. 

The time of ripening has a still mder apphcation in the case of 
some kinds of fruit of which the range in the ripening period of all 
varieties in general cultivation is comparatively short. For instance, 
the commercial grooving of strawberries is rendered unprofitable in 
many sections because the ^'strawberry season" comes at the same 
time as in some other sections where the berries grow equalty well 
and which are more favorably located ^^itll reference to the markets, 
thus rendering successful competition impossible. 

It will thus be seen that definite knowledge of the factors which 
influence the ripening period may be of great importance in consid- 
ering the adaptability of varieties for particular purposes. For such 
reasons as these the fruit grower must consider not only whether a 
variety will do well under the conditions where he wishes to grow it, 

135 



INTKODUCTION. 



9 



but also whether he can place it upon the market at a time when 
remunerative returns will be reasonably assured. 

It will thus be seen that the success of a variety must be measured 
by two standards — its ability to develop to a high degree of perfec- 
tion and its commercial value in terms of profit and loss when placed 
upon the market. Under the conditions which exist in some par- 
ticular locality, a variety may reach such a high state of perfection 
that little else could be desired so far as intrinsic merits are concerned, 
yet because of its season of ripening, lack of transportation facilities, 
or some other cause apart from the inherent qualities of the fruit 
itself it fails to yield a profitable financial return when offered for 
sale in the open market. While such a variety would be considered 
successful so far as its growth is concerned, it is at the same time 
unsuccessful as a commercial sort under these conditions, because it 
fails to meet the end desired of it. In some other locality where the 
opposing features do not exist it might yield a satisfactory financial 
gain, and hence be successful from a commercial standpoint. 

A similar parallel might be drawn in regard to a variety intended 
for home use. However well the tree may grow or the fruit develop, 
if it fails for any reason to meet the desired end it can not properly 
be considered a successful variety to grow for that purpose. 

In the varietal notes on later pages the necessary distinctions rela- 
tive to what constitutes the ^'success" of a variety are made. 

Many illustrations might be given of the fact mentioned in our 
initial statement that the conditions under which a variety of fruit 
is grown have a decided influence upon its behavior and value, and 
consequently upon its desirabihty for a given purpose, but the fore- 
going is sufficient to explain the nature of fruit district investiga- 
tions. Their object is obvious. Briefly summarized, they are an 
effort to ascertain the limitations within which fruit varieties may 
be profitably planted, as indicated by the manner in which they 
respond to the influences of their environment, an effort to determine 
the adaptability of different varieties to different conditions and 
combinations of conditions. 

It is not sufficient, however, to know merely that a certain variety 
is successful or unsuccessful, as the case may be, in a certain place. 
It is equally necessary to know, in as much detail as practicable, 
what the exact conditions are under which it is grown and to deter- 
mine with all possible accuracy what each factor contributes to the 
success or the failure of the variety in question. This involves con- 
sideration of slope, soil, elevation (both actual and comparative), 
, temperature, humidity, and all the other factors included in the term 
"climate,'' besides such other incidental or local conditions as may 
influence varieties in any way. The aim of these investigations is to 

135 



10 ORCHAKD FRIJITS IN VIEGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 

thus work out the requirements, in all the detail possible, of the dif- 
ferent varieties of fruits, especially those varieties which appear to be 
of greatest commercial importance, for the purpose of aiding fruit 
growers in selecting those sorts which will be the most profitable and 
satisfactory for the purpose for which they are desired. 

Incidental to the study of the adaptability of the more important 
and better-known varieties to the conditions which may affect them, 
these investigations also include a consideration of new and little- 
known sorts. New varieties of which but little is kno^vQ concerning 
the requirements or their range of adaptability are being constantly 
introduced. Many varieties having decided merit where they are now 
gro^va are kno^m only in the localities in which they originated. So 
far as practicable such varieties are investigated and their usefulness 
in the development of the fruit-growing interests of the country 
determined. 

Again, a large majority of the varieties which are grown for com- 
mercial purposes are defective in one or more important features. 
For instance, the '^Elberta" peach and the ''Ben Davis" apple lack 
high dessert quality, yet both possess characteristics which render 
them valuable commercial sorts. Some are not sufficiently produc- 
tive ; others do not stand shipping sufficiently well ; still others, which 
are desirable in most respects, develop faults in cold storage. Some 
defect might be mentioned which would apply to nearty every sort 
found upon the market at the present time. ' While the attainment of 
some preconceived ideal in any Idnd of fruit may not be possible, an 
effort made in the direction of a desired end can not fail to produce 
beneficial results. It is hoped that in these minute studies concerning 
the requirements which are necessary for the development of varieties 
to their highest degree of perfection, sorts may be discovered and 
introduced into the various commercial districts of the country which 
will not possess the more conspicuous defects of the important com- 
mercial varieties now in general cultivation. 

In some sections the ''variety problem" is a comparatively simple 
one, even over large areas, as in the prairie region of the Central West, 
where the soil conditions are fairly uniform and the elevation and 
other factors of influence are not sufficiently variable to require special 
consideration. But some of the mountainous regions offer the best 
locations for the grooving of particular fruits, and in these regions the 
question of varieties becomes an exceedingly difficult one because of 
the great variation in the soil, the constantly changing elevation at 
which it is desired to grow fruit, and the corresponding lack of knowl- 
edge regarding many other conditions. The Piedmont and Blue Ridge 
regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States represent such a sec- 
tion in the East. Numerous illustrations occur in the West. Under 

135 



INTRODUCTION". 



11 



such conditions only the most careful discrimination in the selection 
of varieties can give reasonable assurance of success, and in many- 
instances the necessary information essential to the making of such 
discrimination is not yet obtainable. While a variety may be well 
adapted or not to the more or less broadly defined fruit districts into 
which any region, or even the whole country, may be divided, local 
factors often cause wide differences in its behavior in different localities 
within such a district. Where the soil lacks uniformity, where differ- 
ences exist in slope or elevation, or where there is some special local 
condition, a variety may reach a high degree of perfection in one 
locality while it is practically worthless in another portion of the same 
orchard. 

In the earlier days, when fruit growing was merely an incidental 
factor of farm life, it mattered little whether the orchard or fruit 
plantation bore an abundant crop or not. But little was expected, 
and if that little was received it was satisfactory. Within compara- 
tively recent years the point of view has entirely changed, and with 
this change fruit growing has developed into a business quite distinct 
from general agriculture. It has become of increasingly great im- 
portance to the commercial interests as new regions have been de- 
veloped, fruit growing in all its branches extended, and competition 
increased that every tree, shrub, bush, and vine should produce its 
maximum crop, maturing just at the right time and being of such 
quality and appearance that when offered for sale it will bring a maxi- 
mum price. The more complete one's knowledge is of the different 
varieties of fruit and their requirements for the highest degree of 
development, the more nearly can these ideals in fruit growing be 
realized. 

Another important factor to be considered is the ''personal equa- 
tion." The characteristics and ideals of the grower are potent influ- 
ences in the behavior of the varieties under his care, and consequently 
upon their apparent adaptability to the local conditions under which 
they are grown. While soil, climate, and other features which in any 
way influence varieties are important and largely beyond the control 
of the planter except as he can meet these conditions by selecting 
properly adapted varieties, it frequently happens that the one deter- 
mining factor in the success or failure of a variety is the way in which 
it is handled and cared for; in other words, the man himself. The 
grower in many ways controls the conditions under which his fruit 
develops, and no two men are likely to produce just the same condi- 
tions, even though the natural possibilities are the same. Hence it is 
that a variety under certain treatment will produce certain results, 
while in an adjoining orchard under other treatment the results may 
be very different. A single example mil illustrate the point in question. 

135 



12 



OECHAED FEUITS IN VIEGINIA AND OTHEE STATES. 



Two orchards are located side by side, both having similar natural 
advantages. One is well cultivated and sprayed; the other un- 
sprayed and the soil impoverished. The fact that the fruit of a 
variety in the first orchard is large, finely developed, and free from 
insect and fungous defects and that in the second the same variety is 
small, imperfectly developed, and rendered worthless by its apparent 
susceptibility to some disease or insect is not due so much to the in- 
herent merits or faults of the variety in terms of its commercial value 
for that particular locality as it is to the man in charge, as measured 
by the methods employed in caring for his orchard. 

These fruit district investigations have a twofold basis of applica- 
tion. On one basis a variety is considered from the standpoint of its 
commercial value, and the influence upon it of the artificial conditions 
imposed by cultivation, spraying, and the other operations which go 
to make up the present-day progressive methods of orchard manage- 
ment is taken into account. By these methods the grower is able to 
overcome in a measure the natural or inherent susceptibility of a 
variety to disease and other kinds of imperfections. In this view of 
the case, the chief concern of the grower is to know that the variety 
in question will respond readily and completely to the influence of the 
artificial conditions which he is able to maintain and that under such 
conditions the commercial value of the crop will be relatively large in 
proportion to the cost of production. 

The second point of view is the scientific aspect of the adaptability 
of varieties. In this phase of the investigations a variety is considered 
not under the forced conditions of a highly cultivated orchard with 
the application of every practicable means for increasing and perfect- 
ing the product, but rather under conditions where influences imposed 
by man are eliminated as completely as possible. If a variety thus 
develops under natural conditions — that is, with no special attention 
from man — its behavior may be taken as the expression of its innate 
characteristics and capabilities when grown under the natural condi- 
tions of soil, climate, etc., which exist in the particular place where it 
is grown. The ability of one variety over another to resist some 
disease, to develop to some special degree of perfection, or to manifest 
some other individual peculiarity is frequently noted in orchards 
which are in a much-neglected condition. While the commercial 
aspect is of the greater importance from a pecuniary point of view, the 
scientific phase is in reality the fundamental consideration. In con- 
ducting the investigations, the aim is to give each aspect the weight of 
its true significance. 

As previously implied, the fundamental principle underlying the 
fruit district investigations has long been recognized and much valu- 
able information accumulated in regard to the requirements of 

135 



SCOPE OF PKESENT INQUIBY. 



13 



many varieties of the various kinds of fruits. Much of the effort, 
however, which has been expended in this direction has been without 
definite system or plan, although in a comparatively few instances 
careful and systematic effort has been put forth toward the solu- 
tion of specific problems. The efforts of a relatively small number 
of specialists have also been directed along certain well-defined 
lines. There has been little attempt, however, to correlate cause 
and effect, so that the practical application of the underlying prin- 
ciples in the adaptability of varieties to their environment has not 
been possible in any considerable degree in the selection of varieties 
for the extension of the fruit-growing interests to new territory. 

The most comprehensive attempt to compile the available informa- 
tion relative to the adaptability of the varieties of the different kinds 
of fruits to the various sections of the country is the work that has 
been done by the American Pomological Society during the last half 
century through its committees appointed for the purpose. The 
result of these efforts has been published in the catalogue of that 
society from time to time and also in its most recent revision as Bulle- 
tin No. 8, Division of Pomology, of this Department. In these publi- 
cations the country is divided into nineteen districts, and the varieties 
of the more common kinds of fruit which are considered best adapted 
to the different districts are recommended for planting. For obvious 
reasons these recommendations are general and do not take into 
account the local conditions which may exist in the districts. 

The efforts of the Bureau of Plant Industry in its fruit district 
investigations are similar in many respects to the work done by the 
American Pomological Society in this direction, but the scope of the 
research carries the inquiry farther and considers in the minutest 
detail practicable the peculiarities and the requirements of varieties, 
and attempts, as far as possible, to correlate cause and effect. It thus 
becomes possible, within the limits of the information at hand, to 
select varieties with a view to their value in very restricted sections 
having local peculiarities as well as for the larger and more or less 
general districts now recognized. 

SCOPE OF THE PRESENT INQUIRY. 

This paper is a preliminary consideration of the territory under dis- 
cussion. The conditions and their influence upon the varieties of the 
different kinds of fruit grown therein have not been studied in suffi- 
cient detail or for a sufficiently long period of time to warrant the mak- 
ing of many deductions which are not subject to revision as conditions 
become knowm more intimately and the varieties are studied under a 
wider range of climatic influences. It seems advisable, however, to 
issue a summary of the observations which have thus far been made. 

135 



14 



ORCHAED FEUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



In these investigations acknowledgment is due and gladly made of 
the assistance which the writer has received from numerous sources. 
The fruit growers of the regions under consideration have granted him 
the freedom of their orchards without restraint for the making of per- 
sonal observations, and they have also given freely the results of their 
experience. In the identification of varieties, by helpful suggestions, 
and in many other ways the assistance of his associates in office has 
been invaluable. 

The data for the following deductions have been obtained in various 
ways, but mainly by means of careful observations and studies of the 
varieties and their environments through personal inspection of the 
orchards, these studies being supplemented by the results of the expe- 
rience and impressions of the growers as learned from them in inter- 
views and by correspondence. The ideal method of investigating the 
adaptability of a variety is to study it from time to time during its 
development throughout the entire season, but as only a single inspec- 
tion each year is practicable in most cases, the examination is made as 
nearly as possible when the fruit is mature, but before it has been 
harvested. The immediate local conditions under which the fruit has 
developed can then be best determined, and also their effect upon the 
varieties. 

THE PHYSICAL AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE PIEDMONT 
AND BLUE RIDGE REGIONS. 

To say that a variety of fruit succeeds in any particular place or 
seems to be poorly adapted, as the case may be, signifies little or noth- 
ing in regard to the real merits of the variety in extending or develop- 
ing the fruit industry, unless the conditions under which the variety 
is grown are also known. Its reported behavior may be the result of 
conditions which are entirely within the control of man and not neces- 
sarily subject to any natural features of the location where it is grown. 
On the other hand, the variety in question may be considered for 
planting in some other section where the conditions are similar to the 
location where it has produced known results. It then becomes of 
fundamental importance to be able to forecast, by a comparison of 
conditions and their influence upon the variety, what its value is 
likely to be for the purpose desired in the second locality. Hence, the 
behavior of a variety must be interpreted in terms of the conditions 
under which it is grown in order that its behavior shall have definite 
significance. It is therefore necessary to describe in considerable 
detail the more important conditions which exist in the regions under 
discussion, that the varietal notes which occur on later pages may have 
the widest possible application. 

135 



PHYSICAL CONDITIONS. 



15 



PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE REGIONS. 

From a geological standpoint, Virginia and the South Atlantic States 
are divided into several regions. The natural physical divisions result 
from the geological formations, and hence conform closely to the 
geological regions in their extent. There are no sharply defined lines 
of demarcation between these different regions, each one extending 
b}' almost imperceptible gradations into the adjoining ones. The 
general direction in which they extend is parallel to the coast line. 

What may be termed the "pomological regions" of these States 
are nearly coincident with the physical regions, and hence they may 
properly be referred to in the present connection. 

The points wherein the physical and pomological regions do not 
correspond in location coincide mainly with differences in elevation. 
The map shown as Plate V indicates the location and extent of the 
pomological regions as nearly as it is possible to outline them from 
available data. By studying the contour lines, the approximate 
elevation and topography of any section within the boundaries of 
each region can be determined without difficulty. The relief map 
shown in Plate IV may also be of assistance in studying the topog- 
raphy of the territory under consideration. 

The three most important divisions or regions which are common 
to all the States under consideration are called by various terms, 
but most frequently they are spoken of as the Coastal Plain, the 
Piedmont, and the Blue Ridge regions. These divisions are variously 
subdivided by different authors, but it is not necessary to consider 
them in detail in the present connection. It may be well, however, 
to note that in the Virginia section the eastern portion of the Pied- 
mont region is frequently referred to as m^iddle Virginia, thus restrict- 
ing the Piedmont region to a relatively narrow strip of country 
adjacent to the Blue Pidge Mountains. There are also two other 
natural divisions which should be mentioned, one of which is known 
as the Appalachian Valley, while the other includes the Allegheny 
and Cumberland plateaus. 

The Coastal Plain extends the entire length of the coast line of 
these States and varies in width from a few miles to 150 or 200 miles 
at some points. It is generally level, and the greater portion of its 
surface is but a comparatively few feet above sea level, except along 
its western limits, where it grades into the Piedmont region; here it 
teaches an elevation of about 500 feet at some points. 

The section of the map (PL V) indicated by the lighter horizontal 
hatching (see legend on map) comprises the Coastal Plain and that 
portion of the Piedmont region which is below 500 feet elevation. In 
Virginia this includes a considerable section that belongs geologic- 

135 



16 ORCHAED FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 

ally to the Piedmont region, and to a lesser extent the same thing is 
true in North Carolina. The soil is mostly a light sandy type. 

The Piedmont region lies between the Coastal Plain and the Blue 
Ridge. The border line between this region and the Coastal Plain 
may be said, for present purposes (though not geologically accurate), 
to extend in Virginia from Alexandria southward, through Rich- 
mond and Emporia, which is near the southern boundary of the 
State, across North Carolina and South Carolina in a southwesterly 
direction in the vicinity of Columbia, S. C, and into Georgia near 
Augusta. The border line between these two regions marks the 
position of tte seacoast m former ages, the Coastal Plain being of 
comparatively recent geological origin. 

The western boundary of the Piedmont region must be indicated 
in even a more arbitrary manner than the eastern since it is largely 
a matter of elevation, those points having 1,000 feet or less being 
generally considered in the Piedmont and those having a greater 
elevation than this in the Blue Ridge. 

The topography of the Piedmont region is somewhat broken and 
rolling. (See PI. II, figs. 1 and 2.) The elevation ranges from 150 
to 500 feet along its eastern extremities adjacent to the Coastal 
Plain to 1,000 feet in proximity to the Blue Ridge. Numerous hills 
project above the general level, and some of the spurs of the Blue 
Ridge extend within its borders. (PL III, fig. 1.) Many streams 
rising in the mountains cross it, mostly in a southeasterly direction, 
while a large number of smaller streams and tributaries have their 
origin within the region itself. 

The section of the map (PI. V) indicated by the heavier diagonal 
hatching represents the pomological region which is most nearly 
coincident to the Piedmont. Its eastern border follows closely the 
500-foot contoiu". Throughout nearly all of Virginia its western 
extremity has an elevation of about 1,000 feet, except south of 
the Roanoke River. From this region to its southern extremity in 
northern Georgia, its division from the adjacent region is made to 
follow in a general way the 1,500-foot contour because of the behavior 
of the fruits grown therein. The most common type of soil is a 
stiff red clay with various modifications containing more or less sand. 

It should be stated in this connection that a majority of the 
orchards in the Piedmont region are confined to a relatively narrow 
strip, lying in comparatively close proximity to the mountains, 
where the elevation ranges from about 800 to 1,000 feet; hence 
the investigations in this region have been limited in their extent 
by the distribution of the orchards. 

The Blue Ridge region included in this discussion, as it extends 
from the northeast to the southwest through Virginia, is contained 
in the Piedmont and Valley counties which have common boxmdaries 

135 



PHYSICAL, CONDITIONS. 



17 



upon its crest, except in the southwestern portion of the State, where 
it expands into a relatively broad plateau. This same plateau 
extends across North Carolina, having its western boundary within 
the borders of eastern Tennessee. The Blue Ridge Mountains, 
which extend nearly the entire length of this region, with their 
foothills and spurs, constitute its eastern boundary. The range is 
more or less broken by spurs, ridges, detached knobs, and foothills 
having various altitudes. One of the highest points in Virginia is 
"Flat Top" (Peaks of Otter), in Bedford County, with an elevation 
of 3,993 feet. (See PI. I.) There are several other peaks having 
altitudes considerably above the general average of the range. In 
this portion of the region the investigations were confined principally 
to the eastern watershed of the range. 

In North Carolina, with its boundaries extending from the Blue 
Ridge to the Smoky Mountains, the Appalachian Mountain system 
reaches its culmination. This plateau is divided by cross ridges, 
thus making srrialler plateaus, each bordered by mountains and 
having its own system of drainage. Numerous peaks extending 
far above the general elevation of the mountains characterize the 
topography. There are 43 peaks within the State, each having 
an altitude exceeding 6,000 feet, including Mount Mitchell, with 
an elevation of 6,711 feet, which is the highest point east of the 
Rocky Mountains. There are a large number having altitudes only 
a few hundred feet less than this. The extremely rugged character 
of this section of the region is therefore apparent. 

In South Carolina the Blue Ridge region is confined to a compara- 
tively narrow strip following the northwestern boundary of the State. 
This is less rugged than the corresponding section of North Carolina, 
but includes several peaks of considerable altitude, the highest of 
which is Mount Pinnacle, having an elevation of 3,436 feet. 

In northern Georgia the Blue Ridge region comprises the southern 
extremities of the Appalachian system. It is less rugged than the 
more northern portions of the system and naturally of lesser altitude, 
as it sinks into the lower levels of central Georgia. 

On the map (PI. V) the section indicated by vertical hatching repre- 
sents mountain conditions and comprises the Blue Ridge Range with 
its spurs and detached knobs. The elevation is from 1,000 to 1,500 
feet on its eastern border, as previously indicated, to 4,000 feet, though 
this elevation is seldom found in this region except in North Carolina. 
The elevation of the western border along the adjacent region is con- 
sidered to correspond in elevation essentially to the eastern border. 
The soils are variable, representing several tj^pes, but as a rule they 
are rather loose and friable and well adapted to the growing of fruit. 

It is in the foothills and on the lower slopes of the Blue Ridge, 
especially in the Virginia and North Carolina sections, that the fre- 
10207°— Bui. 135—11 2 



18 



OECHAED FEUITS IN VIEGINIA AND OTHEE STATES. 



quently mentioned "cove" orchards are located. (PI. Ill, fig. 2.) 
These coves are the valleys between the ridges and spurs which 
extend from the main ridges. As a rule they are narrow, but often of 
considerable length. Usually the soil is a deep, black, friable loam 
and extremely rich. These coves are considered very desirable loca- 
tions for orchards. 

The section of the map (PL Y) indicated by the lighter diagonal 
hatching represents the mountain region included in the Allegheny 
and Cumberland plateaus. It requires no special description in the 
present connection, as it is not included in the following discussion. 
The same statement applies also to the Appalachian Valley region. 
Geologically this valley is continuous throughout the entire length of 
the mountain system, but because of its elevation in southwestern 
Virginia it is considered a more accurate pomological representation 
of this section to place this portion of Virginia in the Blue Ridge and 
other mountain regions, as the map indicates. 

The small, detached, green areas (PI. V), found principally in North 
Carolina and West Virginia, indicate points exceeding 4,000 feet in 
elevation. There is but little attempt made to grow fruit at these 
higher altitudes because of their inaccessibility and the unfavorable 
climatic conditions which often prevail. Hence these areas are rela- 
tively unimportant from the standpoint of commercial orcharding, 
though it is probable that some varieties would prove to be adapted 
to these conditions, aside from periods of injurious climatic conditions, 
such as sleet storms, etc. 

THE SOILS. 

The relationship of soil to crop production is a matter of increas- 
ingly great importance, and the practice of selecting a particular type 
for the production of a specific result is constantly being given wider 
application in the most progressive lines of agriculture. While it may 
be true that the most marked influences of different soil types appear 
in the growing of annual crops — those which complete their life cycle 
in a single season — the effects of soil are also frequently noticeable 
and of great consequence in the production of such crops as orchard 
fruits, which occupy the land for a series of years. This fact is becom- 
ing better appreciated by fruit growers, and greater care is being 
exercised than formerly in selecting soils for orchard purposes. A 
soil rich in available plant food is essential to the best results, but 
doubtless its physical condition, in relation to its heat and moisture 
absorbing capacity, is of still greater significance than the mere quan- 
tity of plant food which it may contain. 

In these Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions the soil types are numer- 
ous and variable. Two areas in the Virginia portion of these regions 

135 



THE SOILS. 



19 



have been surveyed and mapped by the Bureau of Soils of this 
Department. One of these areas includes the principal fruit-growing 
portions of Albemarle and Nelson counties, and the other an important 
portion of Bedford County. The types of soil described and mapped 
in these two areas are fairly typical of much of the territory included 
in this discussion. 

The description of the soil types which follows is condensed from 
the reports of Mooney, Martin, Caine, and Bonsteel and represents 
the soils of these regions which are the most important to the fruit- 
growing interests concerned. 

CECIL LOAM. 

Cecil loam has a wide range of color, but the greater part of it has a 
yellowish, light or dark brown, reddish brown, or red shade. The 
surface soil varies from 6 to 12 inches in depth, averaging probably 
about 10 inches. It usually contains fine sand, and occasionally in 
proportions great enough to give the soil a somewhat sandy char- 
acter. The subsoil also varies in color and texture. The principal 
type is a yellowish, occasionally slightly reddish, loam, grading into 
rotten rocks at a depth generally less than 36 inches. In the upper 
part of this loam subsoil there is a stratum of heavy texture, but 
beneath this the subsoil becomes lighter as depth increases. The 
soil and subsoil contain a large quantity of finely divided mica. It 
is a Piedmont soil, found in Virginia in Nelson and Albemarle coun- 
ties, and in some other sections it extends well up the slopes of the 
foothills in many instances. 

CECIL CLAY. 

Cecil clay is the most important soil type in the Piedmont region. 
It is locally known in Virginia as ''red land," and is the best of the 
Piedmont soils for general farming purposes. It is found on the roll- 
ing uplands, in the smaller stream valleys, on the slopes of the small 
isolated mountains of the plateau, and on the gentle slopes of the 
large mountains to an elevation of 1,000 feet above sea level. The 
soil is residual, derived from the weathering of granite, gneiss, schist, 
diabase, and other metamorphosed rock. It varies from a heavy, 
reddish brown clay loam to a stiff, tenacious red clay of varying depth, 
but with an average of 8 inches. The subsoil is a stiff, tenacious red 
clay to a depth of 36 inches or more. Sharp quartz sand and rock 
fragments are found in both soil and subsoil. Mica is usually present 
in the subsoil. 

« Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, U. S. Department of Agriculture, for 
1901, pp. 239-257; also Field Operations for 1902, pp. 187-238. 
135 



20 



ORCHARD FRUITS IK VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



CECIL SANDY LOAM. 

Cecil sandy loam is locally known in Virginia as ''gray land." It 
occurs usually in small areas in the same section as Cecil clay, on level 
uplands and gentle slopes of the moimtains. Its origin is the same 
as Cecil clay. The soil is a gray to ^^ellowish sandy loam, the sand 
particles varying from fine to coarse. The average depth is about 
6 inches. Fragments of angular quartz and of some other rocks are 
foimd upon the surface in varying quantities. The subsoil varies 
from a clay loam to a stiff, tenacious red clay. It is less fertile 
than Cecil clay as a rule and not well adapted to the growing of fruit. 

PORTERS BLACK LOAM. 

Porters black loam is found in small areas on the mountain tops 
and in depressions on their sides, usually at heads of mountain 
streams. It is a brownish black or jet-black loam, having a depth 
of several feet in some places, while in others it occurs merely as 
pockets of loam in the midst of huge bowlders. It is also commonly 
found in the coves and hollows between the mountain ridges. The 
average depth is about 15 inches. The subsoil varies from a yellow- 
ish brown clay loam to a reddish color. The soil is residual, being 
derived from the weathering of coarse-grained granite, gneiss, and 
other eruptive and altered rocks. Rock fragments from which the 
soil has been derived are found both in the soil and subsoil. This 
is the type commonly called ''pippin land," because of the high 
degree of perfection to which the Yellow Newtown C' Albemarle 
Pippin") apple develops on it. 

PORTERS CLAY. 

Porters clay is similar to Cecil clay, but contains a larger per- 
centage of bowlders. It is associated with other mountain soils on 
the slopes, generally at elevations exceeding 1,000 feet. The soil is 
a ^lay loam, of a reddish brown to red color, averaging 6 inches in 
depth. The subsoil is a stiff, tenacious red clay. Both soil and 
subsoil have been derived from granite, gneiss, schist, and other 
metamorphosed and eruptive rocks. 

PORTERS SAND. 

Porters sand is primarily a mountain type of soil, though con- 
siderable areas of it are also within the Piedmont region in certain 
sections. It is a residual soil consisting of a gray or j^ello^^dsh sand, 
averaging about 8 inches in depth. The subsoil is usually a coarse, 
yellowish sand, which as a rule runs into disintegrated rock at a 
depth of 3 feet or less. Rock fragments are generally present in 
both soil and subsoil. On some of the lower slopes the fragments 
are small, giving the soil a gravelly character. 

135 



THE SOILS. 



21 



PORTERS SANDY LOAM. 

Porters sandy loam is on the tops and sides of the mountains and 
comprises about three-fourths of the mountain area. It varies from 
a gray sand to a yellowish gray sandy loam, about 10 inches 
in depth. The subsoil is much the same as the surface soil, but in 
places grades into a reddish sand, becoming coarser in the lower 
depths. Angular fragments of rock similar to that from which the 
soil and subsoil have been derived are quite abundant. 

MURRILL SANDY LOAM. 

Murrill sandy loam is found on the uplands of Goose Creek Valley 
(Bedford County, Va.) and on the lowest slopes of the Blue Ridge 
Mountains. It is of heterogeneous origin. The subsoil is derived 
from the weathering of limestones and shales, and the soil from sand 
washed down from the slopes of the mountains upon the residual 
material. The subsoil varies from a red clay loam to a soft, sticky 
red clay, while the soil varies from a fine gray sandy loam to a coarse 
yellow sandy loam, depending upon the kind of rocks from which 
it is derived. Its average depth is from 8 to 15 inches. The soil 
is more or less rocky. 

MURRILL CLAY LOAM. 

Murrill clay loam is the most important soil type in Goose Creek 
Valley (Bedford County, Va.), but the areas are small except in one 
or two locations. It varies from a light to a dark brown clay loam, 
with an average depth of 10 inches. The subsoil is a brownish 
yellow clay loam, increasing in clay content with the depth. Frag- 
ments of shale and particles of chert are frequently found in it. The 
origin is partly residual from shaly limestone and partly sedimentary 
from the wash of the higher slopes along the borders. 

A number of other types which are of value for fruit-growing 
purposes occur in these regions farther south than the soil survey 
referred to extends, but most of them are similar to types already 
described. Throughout the Piedmont region the prevailing type is 
Cecil clay or some slight modification of it. Cecil sandy loam and 
slight variations of it also frequently occur. In important sections 
of northeast Georgia the soil posseses but a ^mall clay content, and 
instead of Cecil clay the most important type is a very red, loose, 
friable loam, containing more or less decaying rock fragments and 
possessing more than a usual degree of fertility. This soil is deep 
and the subsoil is similar to the surface soil. The areas of this type 
are intersected in many places by a more sandy loam. It extends 
into South Carolina, but the proportion of the more sandy types to 
the heavier loam is probably greater than in Georgia. 

135 



22 



ORCHARD FRUITS m VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Wliile the mountain soils at points south of Virginia are more 
variable than those of the Piedmont region, they generally possess 
the loose, friable character of the mountain types which are found 
in the Virginia section of the region previously referred to. In some 
places a heavier clay soil than is usually the case in Virginia is 
found at considerable elevations. 

THE CLIMATE. 

In the Encyclopedia Americana, Moore defines climate as the sum 
of the atmospheric conditions as recorded for a long period of time, 
or ''the totality of the weather." Weather is the physical condition 
of the atmosphere at a given time or for a limited period. We 
speak of the weather of to-day or of last week, and the weather 
which prevails in a place for an indefinitely long period of time 
makes the climate of that place. Climate includes, as stated by 
Moore, ''atmospheric pressure, temperature, rainfall, snowfall, time 
and frequency of frosts, extremes of heat and cold, direction and 
velocity of wind, the amount of air that flows from the different 
points of the compass, amount and intensity of sunshine, humidity 
and transparency of the atmosphere, and its electrification." 

It has been said that climate affects the health, happiness, and 
well-being of people more than any other factor that enters into their 
environment. If this is true of climate in its relation to man, who 
is able, in a measure, to protect himself against adverse climatic 
conditions, it is obvious that it has a still wider application in relation 
to plant life, with which there is no self-protection except by slow 
adaptation. 

That climate, or some element of it, is an important factor in con- 
trolling the distribution of plants, both cultivated and wild, is readily 
apparent. For instance, those fruits which are characteristic of the 
Temperate Zone are not able to endure the low temperature of the 
extreme north or the relatively high temperature of lower latitudes. 
The same is true of the fruits which are native to tropical or 
subtropical regions. Moisture is equally as potent as temperature 
in determining the range of plant growth, whether it be orchard 
fruits or wild plants. Tiiis is seen in the behavior of plants during 
severe drought or of plants native to a humid climate as they approach 
their limits of growth in the direction of arid or desert regions. 

Between the extremes of temperature and moisture, together with 
the other elements of climate, there is every possible gradation, and 
the infinite number of combinations of temperature and moisture are 
manifested in some degree in terms of plant life. At one extreme 
there is an abundance of heat and a minimum of moisture, producing 
desert conditions where only specialized forms of plant life can endure. 
At the other, a maximum of both heat and moisture, where the lux- 

135 



THE CLIMATE. 



23 



uriant growth of the rainy tropics prevails. With a minimum of 
heat and moisture in the form of ice and snow, moss and other plants 
of a relatively low order prevail, as in the Arctic region. 

The rainfall of a place is influenced largely by the configuration 
of the earth's surface, the direction and height of mountain ranges, 
and the direction of the prevailing winds. The temperature is gov- 
erned mainly by latitude, elevation, and proximity to large bodies 
of water, especially if these are very deep. However, the necessary 
combinations of temperature and moisture to produce a maximum 
plant growth or crop of fruit seldom, if ever, exist. The combina- 
tion which would produce the greatest vegetative growth might not 
be the most desirable for fruit production. 

Slight difl^erences in climate, especially in temperature and mois- 
ture, often make great difl^erences in the development of plant life. 
In this connection, however, it should be noted that a high tempera- 
ture for a relatively short period often hastens maturity more than 
a higher mean temperature which does not reach the requisite extreme 
for a short period. In other words, within the climatic range of a 
plant the mean temperature is of less relative importance than a suit- 
able range of temperature during the critical periods of the plant's life. 

Comparatively slight differences in moisture are equally conspicu- 
ous, as wLen a ''timely rain" insures the perfect development of some 
crop and in the absence of such a rain a light harvest is the result. 

While such readily apparent results may obtain only with those 
crops which complete their growth in a short period, they at the same 
time emphasize the fact that climate has much to do with the devel- 
opment of plant growth. And what is true in principle in its relation 
to plants which mature in a short period of time is also true in prin- 
ciple in its relation to plants, such as orchard trees, which require a 
long period to fulfill their purpose. This is especially noticeable in 
the relative times at which the annually recurring epochs, such as 
blossoming, putting forth of the leaves, ripening of the fruit, etc., 
take place from year to year. 

There is an unfortunate lack of data relative to climatic conditions 
which actually exist in orchards. Nearly all the available climato- 
logical records have been made at stations located in towns or at points 
more or less distant from orchard sites; hence, the best available 
records frequently do not accurately represent the climatic conditions 
which have prevailed in orchards, even in the sections where the 
records have been taken. Such records, however, are not without value 
for the present purpose, inasmuch as they furnish a means of compari- 
son, in a general way, of different fruit-growing sections. Tables I, 
II, III, and IV, giving a monthly summary of the maximum, mini- 
mum, and mean temperatures and amount of precipitation, are taken 
from the Monthly Weather Review issued by the Weather Bureau 

135 



24 ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 

of this Department and are of interest in showing certain general 
climatic features of the Piedmont region. Corresponding data from 
the Coastal Plain are also inserted for comparison. As will be noted, 
the records are the monthly summaries for the years 1902 and 1903. 
The records of not less than two years are desirable for such com- 
parison, because of the climatic differences which frequently occur 
from year to year, even in the same locality. The special reason for 
selecting the data for 1902 and 1903 in the present case is because 
of their application to the phenological data appearing on later pages. 



Table I. — Climatological records for Bedford City and Petersburg, Va., 1902 and 1903. 





1902. 


19a3. 


Temperature. 


rrecipi- 
tation. 


Temperature. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


mum. 


mum. 


Mean. 


mum. 


mum. 


Mean. 


Bedford City (elevation, 947 feet; 


















approximate latitude, 37|°) : 


°F. 


°F. 




Inches. 




°F. 


°F. 


Inches. 


January 


55 
68 


13 


34.6 




65 


12 
6 


36.2 


5. 14 
5.48 


February 


12 


33 


5.40 


70 


41.9 


March 


75 


19 


48.4 


3. 86 


79 


29 


53.6 


5. 63 


April 

May 


90 


32 


55.1 


1. 73 


89 


25 


57.4 


2.92 


95 


41 


69.6 


1.91 


98 


38 


68.8 


.77 


June : 


102 


46 


73.6 


4. 58 


91 


45 


70.4 


8. 04 


July 


101 


56 


79.6 


2.49 


100 


51 


79.2 


1.79 


August 


96 


53 


76 


2.34 


98 


56 


76.8 


4.06 


September 


95 


39 


68.3 


1. 94 


92 


40 


70.1 


2. 97 


October 


82 


35 


58.8 


6. 52 


84 
80 


35 


60 




November 


78 


25 


54.5 


2. 17 


19 


45.8 




December 


65 


12 


38.1 


2. 86 


50 


12 


33.2 








Petersburg (elevation, 14 feet; ap- 


















proximate latitude, 37J°) : 














36.9 




January 


69 


14 


36.8 


2. 95 


58 


16 


2.72 




69 


7 


34.4 


5. 67 


72 


10 


42.2 


5.52 


March 


81 


17 


50.9 


2.60 


77 


25 


53.7 


8.11 


April 


89 


29 


56.2 


3. 53 


89 


37 


57.2 


4.63 


May 


92 


43 


67.6 


3. 86 


98 


40 


66.8 


3 


June 


98 


51 


72.7 


3. 47 


87 


48 


69 


10.25 


July 


101 


56 


79.4 


3. 87 


96 


57 


77.9 


4.31 


August 


97 


54 


74 


4.42 


99 


62 


75.5 


4.85 


September 


90 


42 


68.2 


4.43 


89 


40 


69.4 


3. 12 


October 


83 


31 


61 


2. 53 


85 


31 


58.8 


4. 45 


November 


79 


26 


55 


2. 50 


77 


18 


45.6 


1.33 


December 


68 


17 


40 


3. 32 


58 


15 


35.2 


2. 52 



Table II. — Climatological records for Lenoir and Kinston, N. C, 1902 and 1903. 





1902. 


1903. 


Temperature. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Temperature. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Lenoir (elevation, 1,186 feet; ap- 


















proximate latitude, 35|°) : 


°F. 


°F. 


°F. 


Inches. 


°F. 


OF 


°F. 


Inches. 


January 


68 


10 


37' 


2.80 


64 


10 


36.6 


5. 06 


February 


67 


9 


33.7 


2. 66 


70 


9 


40.6 


8.80 


March 


77 


20 


47.8 


4.23 


76 


23 


53.4 


11. 15 


April 


84 


27 


51.8 


L 73 


82 


19 


53.8 


5. 36 


May 


93 


41 


69.4 


2.33 


96 


42 


67.6 


.74 


June 


96 


47 


70.8 


6 


89 


42 


62.4 


4 69 


July 


96 


52 


73.5 


1. 99 


93 


51 


75.4 


4.16 


August 


96 


51 


74.8 


.90 


94 


58 


75 


4.87 


September 


93 


37 


66 


4. 17 


90 


38 


67 


2.49 


October 


84 


31 


.58.3 


4. 82 








3. 10 


November 


79 


26 


53.1 


4.11 


80 


12 


44.8 


3. 06 












60 


10 


36.9 


L 87 





















135 



THE CLIMATE. 25 



Table II. — CUmatological records for Lenoir and Kinston, N. C, 1902 and 1903 — Con. 





1902. 


1903. 


Temperature. 


- - 

Precipi- 
tation. 


Temperature. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


• 

Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Kinston (elevation, 45 feet, approx- 


















imate latitude, .^5i°): 


° F. 


o 


° F. 


Inches. 


° F. 


O 


o 


Inches. 


January 


73 


15 


41.3 


1.01 


71 


18 


43 


2. 96 


February 


76 


19 


38.4 


6. 70 


74 


16 


48.4 


5. 91 


March 


83 


22 


54.9 


3. 04 


81 


34 


60 


8.05 


April 


89 


30 


61.2 


2.34 


86 


30 


56.7 


2. 99 


May 


97 


44 


72.8 


2. 64 


95 


45 


67.6 


3. 91 


June 


100 


50 


77.5 


3.92 










July 


104 


60 


82 • ; 


2. 69 


97 


60 


79.4 


8. 07 


August 


99 


52 


7S. 'J 


8.91 


97 


62 


79.6 


6.83 


September 


91 


46 


72.6 


2. 76 


88 


41 


71.5 


.89 


October 


84 


31 


62.9 


5. 13 


86 


27 


57.4 


3. 28 




81 


31 


57.2 


4.14 




14 






December 


71 


16 


45.5 


1.82 


63 


15 


36.2 


1.99 



Table III. — CUmatological records for Conway, 8. C, 1902 and 1903. 





1902. 


1903. 


Temperature. 




Temperature. 




Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Conway (elevation, 25 feet; approx- 


















imate latitude, 33f °) : 


°F. 


°F. 




Inches. 


°F. 


°F. 


°F. 


Inches. 


January 


80 


18 


43 


1. 16 


75 


21 


46. 4 


4.24 


Februar J"- 


77 


20 


42.2 


5. 81 


77 


23 


51.2 


3. 75 


March 


82 


25 


55 


3. 25 


80 


38 


62.8 


5. 59 


April 


86 • 


33 


60.6 


1.08 


87 


34 


60.8 


2. 50 


May 


94 


48 


72 


2. 50 


99 


49 


70.4 


1. 60 




100 


57 


77.1 


4.20 


94 


52 


75 


4.74 


July 


104 


64 


82.1 


1.80 


98 


59 


80.2 


2.20 


August 


98 


59 


79.4 


8. 25 


100 


65 


81.5 


8. 42 


September 


92 


54 


73.4 


6. 03 


93 


49 


72.6 


L88 


October 


87 


35 


66.2 


5. 94 


85 


29 


6L5 


3. 34 


November 


82 


31 


59.6 


3. 94 


80 


15 


52.2 


.91 


December 


72 


18 


47.8 


6.80 


68 


17 


4L2 


3. 35 



Table IV. — CUmatological records for Gainesville, Ga., 1902 and 1903. 





1902. 


1903. 


Temperature. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Temperature. 


Precipi- 
tation. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Maxi- 
mum. 


Mini- 
mum. 


Mean. 


Gainesville (elevation, 1,227 feet; 


















approximate latitude, 34^°) : 


°F. 


°F. 


°F. 


Inches. 


o 




°F. 


Inches. 


January 


60 


20 


38.7 


2. 83 


66 


16 


38.5 


4.09 


February 


59 


15 


35.5 


9.40 


65 


15 


43.2 


11.81 


March 


68 


21 


48.2 


9.40 


71 


31 


55.4 


12. 17 


April 


83 


33 


57.2 


L 76 


81 


34 


56.8 


2.80 


May 


92 


47 


72.1 


3. 41 


91 


46 


67.5 


4.79 


June 


98 


59 


76.8 


2. 01 


89 


45 


70.4 


6.03 


July 


99 


62 


80 


3. 85 


95 


60 


78. 4 


2. 15 


August 


99 


62 


78.1 


3.02 


95 


65 


78. 4 


3. 83 


Sentember 


92 


48 


69.2 


7.05 


93 


47 




4.98 


October 


80 


36 


6L2 


3. 26 










November 


73 


28 


56.2 


4.31 


72 


17 


47 


3. 10 


December 


64 


14 


42 


6.15 


55 


13 


37.2 


2.41 



By making general comparisons month by month among the 
several locations a fair understanding of the climatic conditions, so 

135 



26 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



far as they can be represented in tabular form, may be had. The 
usual extremes of temperature are made apparent, and some idea of 
the rainfall can be obtained in this manner. It should be remem- 
bered, however, that these data represent in most cases town condi- 
tions, not actual orchard observations. And, further, in considering 
the elements of climate, such as moisture and temperature, with 
respect to their influence on any plant, it is necessary to take into 
account the condition of the plant in question at the time or during 
the period in which the particular element prevailed. For instance, 
peach buds when completely dormant may endure a certain low 
temperature without injury. If, however, the same temperature pre- 
vails after the buds have started in the spring or following a warm 
period during the winter, they may be entirely killed. 

While the climatological data just tabulated may approximate 
the conditions which prevail in the Piedmont orchards, they can not 
be applied to the mountain region. Accurate data applicable to the 
mountain orchards are as a rule even less readily obtained than 
those for orchards in the Piedmont region. It is not unusual, how- 
ever, as observed by some of the residents of the mountain districts, 
for the temperature to drop considerably below zero during the 
winter at some of the higher altitudes. The character of the native 
growth indicates climatic conditions similar to more northern lati- 
tudes. 

There are many local climatic factors which can be determined 
only by a close study of the localities in question, such as danger 
of or immunity from frosts, the usual course of local showers, and 
many other features of importance. 

There is one feature noticeable in some portions of the mountain 
region that is worthy of special mention. This is the green belt," 
'thermal belt," or ^'frostless zone," as it is variously called, which 
extends in many places along the slopes of the Blue Kidge and its 
spurs, with southeastern to southwestern exposures. Where this 
belt occurs many kinds of vegetation remain green for a considerable 
time after all vegetation both below and above has been killed by 
frost. It is not until the severe freezes late in the season occur that 
the plants in this belt are injured. Concerning this thermal belt 
J. W. Chickering, jr., writing in the American Meteorological Journal 
for October, 1884, quoting Silas McDowell, of Franklin, Macon 
County, N. C, says: 

Amongst the valleys of the southern Alleghenies sometimes winter is succeeded by 
warm weather which, continuing through the months of March and April, brings out 
vegetation rapidly and clothes the forest in an early verdure. 

This pleasant spring weather is terminated by a few days' rain, and the clearing up 
is followed by cold, raking winds from the northwest, leaving the atmosphere of a piue 
indigo tint, through which wink bright stars; but if the wind subsides at night the 
135 



THE CLIMATE. 



27 



succeeding morning shows a heavy hoar frost; vegetation is utterly killed, including 
all manner of fruit germs, and the landscape clothed in verdure the day before, now 
looks dark and dreary. 

It is under precisely this condition of things that the beautiful phenomenon of the 
"verdant zone," or "thermal belt," exhibits itself upon our mountain sides, com- 
mencing at about 300 feet vertical height above the valleys, and traversing them in a 
perfectly horizontal line throughout their entire length, like a vast green ribbon upon 
a black background. 

Its breadth is 400 feet vertical height, and from that under, according to the degree 
of the angle of the mountain with the plane of the horizon. Vegetation of all kinds 
within the limits of this zone is untouched by frost; and such is its protective influence 
that the Isabella, the most tender of all our native grapes, has not failed to produce 
abundant crops in twenty-six consecutive years; nor has fruit of any kind ever been 
known within these limits to be frost killed, though there have been instances where 
it has been so from a severe freeze. The lines are sometimes so sharply drawn that 
one-half of a shrub may be frost killed, while the other half is unaffected. 

The same writer states, further, that — 

The thermal belt must exist in all countries that are traversed by high mountains 
and deep valleys, as the natural causes that produce it are as infallible as those which 
produce the rainbow in the clouds, and the only reason why its visible manifestations 
are peculiar to our southern Alleghenies is the fact that their precocious spring vegeta- 
tion is sometimes killed by frost, while the same thing does not happen in the moun- 
tains farther north. 

The above statement that "the thermal belt must exist in all 
countries traversed by high mountains" may be too general, and the 
ultimate causes which produce it may not be as simple as this writer 
appears to think, though doubtless the explanation is contained in 
the influences which produce a stratification of air at different tem- 
peratures. However, the important fact to be noted is that in the 
mountain regions under consideration this green belt does exist to a 
greater or less extent and contributes its portion to the natural 
advantages for fruit growing which the region possesses. 

Late spring and early fall frosts are other important factors to be 
considered in studying the climatic conditions of a section with 
regard to its suitability for fruit growing. Frequently it becomes a 
matter of local consideration, as when there are pockets" or valleys 
into which cold air settles and from which it can not readily escape. 
Such places are subject to unseasonable frosts. In the application 
of this feature to the regions in question it is sufficient to say that as 
a whole there is comparative freedom from such frosts. It some- 
times happens that during the winter, mild weather which causes the 
swelling of the buds is followed by disastrous freezes, but the more 
favorably situated portions of these regions may be considered as 
relatively free from such dangers and as little subject to extremes of 
temperature as any of the more important fruit-growing sections east 
of the Rocky Mountains. 

135 



28 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



THE POMOLOGICAL ASPECT OF THESE REGIONS. 

The natural advantages of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions 
render them of special value for the growing of certain kinds of fruit. 
The elevation is relatively high, ranging from 150 to 500 feet where 
the Piedmont region joins the Coastal Plain to that of the loftiest 
peaks east of the Rocky Mountains. The more extensive types of 
soil are not only fairly fertile, but they possess physical character- 
istics which make them well suited to this purpose when the neces- 
sary attention is given to the selection of proper varieties for the 
different types. The climatic conditions are also favorable in a high 
degree to the growing of many kinds of fruit. 

With these advantages of soil and climate there is also the advan- 
tage of relatively close proximity to the great markets of the East 
and to shipping points for the export trade. With good transporta- 
tion facilities both north and south, successful competition with other 
fruit-growing regions is made possible. 

Fruit growing in these regions, however, is only shghtly developed 
in comparison with the possibilities which exist in this direction. 
The methods of orchard management are commonly faulty and not 
productive of the best results which the natural advantages make pos- 
sible. Notwithstanding these conditions, large quantities of excellent 
fruit, but principally apples, are grown in some portions of these re- 
gions, notably in the Virginia and North Carolina sections, and to a 
lesser extent in the other States included in the territory under dis- 
cussion. In the South Carolina section there are very few orchards 
of commercial size, while in northern Georgia commercial fruit grow- 
ing has been given much attention during the past few years. In 
certain sections of the latter State peaches have been planted exten- 
sively; apples have not been planted as much, but the possibility of 
growing some varieties to a high degree of perfection has been clearly 
demonstrated. The rather loose, friable soils of the southern Blue 
Ridge region of this section of Georgia, together with an abundant 
rainfall and relative freedom from late spring frosts, make this section 
especially well suited to the successful growing of a great variety of 
Temperate Zone fruits. 

THE VARIETY PROBLEM. 

In the consideration of the varieties that have been observed under 
the conditions which exist in the regions in question, the following 
points should be noted. 

When the study of the varieties was begun, the serious confusion 
existing in the nomenclature at once became apparent and has been 
encountered throughout these investigations. Frequently some local 
name has become attached in different sections to a well-known va- 

135 



VARIETIES OF APPLES. 



29 



riety, and these local names, varying in different localities, have added 
to the confusion. The aim has been, so far as possible, to properly 
identif}^ these varieties and to refer to them in the foUomng varietal 
notes under the leading names which conform to the rules of nomen- 
clature of the American Pomological Society. The more common 
s}Tionyms are also given in itahcs. 

The varieties referred to in the pages wliich follow do not include 
all that are gro^vQ in the regions in question, but it is not known that 
any important ones are omitted. In some cases a variety has been 
mentioned during the course of these investigations by only one 
grower, and the information secured concerning it has been too mea- 
ger to warrant any reference to it at this time. In other cases varie- 
ties have been omitted because their identity was uncertain, and in 
all this work the importance has been emphasized of knowing beyond, 
reasonable doubt the correct identity of each variety under consider- 
ation. If this point be not insisted upon, the merits or demerits of a 
particular sort would frequently be ascribed to some other one, thus 
making the deductions unreliable. Still others have not been men- 
tioned because of their lack of importance and the limited space. In 
this connection, however, it should be stated that it has not been pos- 
sible to make personal examinations of many of the stone fruits or of 
the early-ripening varieties of apples which are mentioned, because of 
the fact that the later apples constitute the most important fruit crop 
of these regions, and it has been found necessary to make the field 
investigations with reference to the late apples rather than to the rela- 
tively less important stone fruits and earl}' apples. Hence, in the ma- 
jority of cases it has been necessary to depend almost entirely upon the 
information and experience of the growers for the data relative to 
these fruits. 

An effort has been made to study the different varieties under rep- 
resentative conditions, but not aU conditions could be observed. It 
must necessarily foUow that where a variety is being grown on a differ- 
ent soil, at a different elevation, or even under some other method of 
treatment than those observed, there is likely to be a corresponding 
difference in behavior of the variety itself. Hence, the notes relating 
to varieties may not in every case accord with the experience of all the 
growers in these regions who are familiar with. them. 

APPLES. 

Apples are b}^ far the most important commercial fruit grown in the 
Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions under consideration except in 
northern Georgia, where peaches are relatively of greater importance. 
The range of varieties is large, though the commercial sorts which are 
extensively cultivated are relatively few in number. This territory, 

135 



30 



OBCHAED FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



especially the Blue Ridge region, is rich in local varieties and seed- 
lings wliich are not being propagated in any nursery and are known 
only in the localities where they are grown. It is probable that some 
of these local sorts may fill an important place in the future develop- 
ment of apple culture in these regions. Some of them have received 
local names, but many have no particular designation. They present 
a most promising and attractive field for investigation, but a.re not 
considered, except in a few instances, in the following varietal notes. 

VARIETIES. 

Arkansas. S>Tionym: Mammoth Black Twig. 

This variety — more commonly mentioned by its synonym than by its leading name — 
has been planted in but relatively few orchards. The trees are all comparatively 
young; hence the adaptability of the variety and its value in these regions have not 
yet been fully determined. 

The tree is a fairly vigorous grower, making a rather broad, roundish head. The 
original tree, which is still standing and in a fairly healthy condition, though it has 
been badly broken by storms, is said to be nearly 80 years old. WTiile it usually begins 
to bear more or less at 5 or 6 years of age, it has thus far proved a shy bearer in most cases 
in these regions and not more regular in bearing than many of the heavier producing 
sorts. The fruit is medium to large; nearly solid red when highly colored; good to 
very good ; season, winter. The qualities of the fruit when well grown render it desira- 
ble either for home use or for market purposes, but lack of productiveness thus far in 
these regions renders it of doubtful value commercially. 

Though generally beginning to bear at a comparatively young age, this variety 
appears from present indications to be less precocious at the southern extreme of these 
regions. This characteristic has been noted especially in northeastern Georgia on 
sandy loam soil with friable loam subsoil at an elevation of 1,400 feet. Under these 
conditions it is said to be a better keeper than the Winesap grown under similar condi- 
tions. Some trees located in Amherst County, Ya., at an elevation of about 1,500 feet 
and on Porters black loam with red clay subsoil bore their third full crop of fruit when 
11 years old. Larger crops are reported in this location than elsewhere in these regions. 
Other conditions of soil and elevation under which good fruit is produced are Porters 
clay with elevations of 1,000 to 1,500 feet, and Cecil clay, 800 to 1.000 feet altitude. 
Murrill clay loam and Cecil sandy loam having elevations of 1,000 feet do not seem to 
give as good results as the other conditions mentioned. The tendency to lighter l^ear- 
ing and greater susceptibility to disease is said to be more pronounced under the last- 
named conditions. The fruit is small and the trees unproductive in the southwestern 
part of North Carolina at an elevation of 2,500 feet or more. In Albemarle County, at 
points of 500 feet elevation, on Cecil loam, the Arkansas apple has proved unsatisfac- 
tory thus far, the claim being made that it lacks color and flavor. 

These deductions must be accepted merely as indications of the tendency of this 
variety in the regions mentioned, not as definite conclusions, since, as already stated, 
the trees are still too young for the mature characteristics of the variety to manifest 
themselves. 
Arkansas Black. 

But very few of the orchards in these regions contain this variety. The only one in 
which it has been studied is located in the southwestern part of North Carolina. The 
soil in this orchard is a loose, friable, reddish loam; the elevation is from 2,600 to 2.800 
feet. Under these conditions it possesses very little to commend it for any purpose, 
135 



VAKIETIES OF APPLES. 



31 



the fruit being small and very susceptible to the scab fungus, and the tree, though 
fairly vigorous, is unproductive. As these same characteristics have been observed to 
a greater or less extent in some other sections of the country, it is apparent that this 
variety should be planted only sparingly until its value has been demonstrated. In 
some sections of the country, however, it has become of considerable commercial 
importance. 
Baldwin. 

Though one of the most important winter sorts in the North, the Baldwin apple is 
relatively unimportant in these regions. It is widely distributed throughout them in 
the older orchards, but especially in the Virginia portions. The tree is rather irregular 
in bearing in most of these orchards and the fruit frequently drops badly, particularly 
at the lower elevations. In the mountain orchards, fruit of exceptionally fine ap- 
pearance for the variety is often produced . Its behavior in typical Piedmont and Blue 
Ridge locations is indicated as follows: 

On Porters black loam at elevations of 1,500 to 2,500 feet, probably also on Porters 
sandy loam at similar elevations, fruit of high quality for the variety and of excellent 
appearance, which may be expected to keep until the holidays under favorable 
conditions is produced. Good fruit is produced on Porters clay at 1,500 feet elevation, 
but it does not have the keeping qualities of that from higher altitudes. In other 
sections, particularly in Bedford County, Va., it is growing to some extent on other 
types of soil, such as Cecil clay, Cecil sandy loam, and Murrill clay loam, with an 
elevation of 1,000 feet or less. Under these conditions it matures as early as September 
and frequently rots and drops before it is ripe. The fruit from such locations is inferior 
in flavor and appearance in comparison with that from mountain orchards. These 
characteristics appear in some degree in all the Piedmont soils and elevations from 
Virginia to Georgia, but a few growers who have the Baldwin apple in mountain or- 
chards, particularly those in the northern portion of the Blue Ridge region, find it 
fairly satisfactory for local markets. There are other varieties, however, which are 
more reliable and better adapted to these conditions. 
Ben Davis. 

There are few varieties of fruit as widely distributed in as many sections of the 
country as the Ben Davis apple is, and in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions it is 
one of the comparatively small number of varieties which has attained a recognized 
commercial importance. The tree has no conspicuous faults; it begins to bear moder- 
ately early, usually producing considerably by the time it reaches 6 or 7 years of age; 
the crops are produced mainly in alternate years. The fruit when well grown is very 
attractive in appearance and is valuable for its keeping and shipping qualities, but 
is notoriously poor in dessert quality. 

In general, it may be said that this variety is well adapted to the conditions in these 
regions, aside from those at the highest elevations, though there are some apparent 
exceptions to this, which are probably due to local influences. In the Georgia and 
South Carolina portions of the Piedmont region and extending to an elevation of 
perhaps 1,400 or 1,500 feet some excellent results have been obtained with it where the 
trees have been given moderately high culture and thoroughly sprayed. Fruit grown 
under these conditions, however, should be marketed by the holidays, as it may be 
expected to deteriorate rapidly if held later than this. Grown under conditions of 
neglect in the southern Piedmont, the fruit is likely to drop prematurely and often 
fails to color properly even when it remains on the trees until a comparatively late date. 
On the other hand, it is of interest to note that where it is grown in North Carolina at 
elevations exceeding about 3,000 feet the fruit develops characteristics similar to those 
which appear when it is grown in northern latitudes, the characteristics being quite 
different from those developed in sections to which the variety is well adapted. The 
elevations at which these characteristics become apparent naturally depends largely 
135 



32 



ORCHAED FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



upon the latitude, the high altitudes at southern points affording similar climatic 
conditions to lower altitudes in more northern sections. On Cecil clay at 800 to 1,000 
feet altitude in the upper portion of the Piedmont region, the Ben Davis has generally 
given good results. Other types of soil common to the Piedmont region, such as Cecil 
loam, Cecil sandy loam, Murrill clay loam, and possibly some others, are probably less 
desirable types on which to grow this than Cecil clay. The latter and the types com- 
monly found in the mountains within the altitude limits mentioned appear to give 
the most uniformly satisfactory results. 
Bonum. Synonym: Magnum Bonum. 

While this is one of the varieties which has been in cultivation many years and is 
quite widely distributed in these regions, it is seldom found except in the older 
orchards, and in these only in small lots. The tree is ordinarily a good grower and 
bears well, though quite largely in alternate years under usual conditions of culture. 
The merits of the fruit are such that as a September and October variety it is deserving 
of more general planting. While little or no effort has been made in these regions to 
develop a market for fall varieties, the high dessert quality of this one and its attractive 
dark red color, together with its medium size under favorable cultural conditions, 
would appear to make it a very desirable apple for supplying a fancy trade. 

Very fine specimens are grown in Bedford County, Va., on Cecil clay, at an eleva- 
tion of 1,000 feet. It does well at elevations of 800 to 1,000 feet on Cecil sandy loam in 
Albemarle County. In the upper Piedmont region, in Rappahannock County, Va., it 
is much prized, being marketed from the first of September to the middle of October, 
frequently at very satisfactory prices. The soil in the section referred to is a friable 
red clay loam, ranging in elevation from 1,000 to 1,500 feet. This apple is not well 
adapted to conditions prevailing at the higher elevations. On Porters black loam at 
2,200 to 2,400 feet elevation the fruit is smaller than at lower points; in form and color 
it varies from the usual type, and its quality is relatively inferior. On a loose moun- 
tain soil in North Carolina at 4,000 feet altitude the quality of fruit from young trees is 
so inferior as to raise some question in regard to the identity of the variety. At another 
point on similar soil at about 3,000 feet it is said to do finely as a fall variety and bear 
regularly. In this instance it is thoroughly sprayed. This behavior, however, con- 
flicts with the usual experience at the higher elevations. 
Buddngham. Sjmonyms: Fall Queen, Equinetely. 

This variety is not grown extensively in these regions and is seldom seen in orchards 
south of North Carolina. As a fall variety, it possesses fairly good dessert quality. It 
is usually productive and satisfactory on Cecil sandy loam and Cecil clay at 1,000 feet 
elevation; it is also considered valuable on Porters black loam at 1,200 feet. Very fine 
specimens have been found in some of the mountain orchards of western North Caro- 
lina on a friable clay loam with porous subsoil at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. 
Buncombe. Synonym: Red Winter Pearmain. 

This variety is in many of the older orchards, especially in the North Carolina por- 
tion of the regions under consideration. It is, however, of but little commercial 
importance and has rarely been included in the orchards of recent planting. Its 
season is late fall and early winter in the sections where it is most often found. 
Cannon Pearmain. Synonyms: Red Cannon, Green Cannon. 

The variety here named is peculiarly characteristic, in its distribution, of Bedford 
County, Va., seldom being found in any other section in these regions. It is of con- 
siderable importance in this county in the older orchards but has rarely been planted 
in the younger ones. Some growers claim there are two strains of the variety, one of 
which is designated as Red Cannon, the other Green Cannon. It is probable that these 
distinctions are only local with no constant differences between them. The tree at- 
tains large size and great age, frequently being found in good bearing condition at 
135 



VAKIETIES OF APPLES. 



33 



from 75 to 100 years of age. The limbs are tough, not being easily broken by heavy 
crops of fruit or by storms. Under favorable conditions heavy crops may be expected 
in alternate years, with very light ones in "off" years. While the fruit is not of high 
dessert quality, it is considered by many growers to be the best "general-purpose'' 
sort grown in this particular section, and it is prized for cooking, drying, and cider 
making as well as for dessert purposes. It usually sells well in southern markets, but 
is less desirable in the North than many other sorts. In certain instances it has proved 
very profitable. 

In Bedford County, where it has been extensively studied, it is quite sensitive to the 
influence of the conditions under which it is grown. In general, it requires much 
the same conditions for its highest development that the Yellow Newtown apple does. 
These are described in considerable detail under that variety. A few specific facts 
regarding its adaptability may be mentioned . Porters clay at the higher points at which 
this soil type occurs gives good results; also Porters black loam at its usual elevations 
up to the limit of 2,500 feet at least. No observations have been made in the present 
connection at a higher altitude than this. In the Piedmont portion of this county it 
is rarely successful on the types of soil commonly found. Under these conditions 
the fruit rots and drops badly, and that which reaches maturity is usually small and 
inferior in appearance and flavor. Occasionally fairly good results are obtained from 
trees on Cecil clay and Cecil sandy loam, but such results are exceptional. Certain 
claims are made by some growers relative to the influence of soil upon the texture and 
color of the fruit, as, for instance, the development of a tougher flesh on the red clay 
soils than on other types. These claims, however, have not been verified. 
Disharoon. 

The distribution of this variety is very limited, even though it has been in culti- 
,vation for many years. The only specimens which have been found in connection 
with these investigations were grown in Habersham County, Ga. , the county in which 
it originated. The fruit is only small to medium in size and not particularly attractive 
in appearance, but is of high dessert quality. It is therefore of value primarily for 
home use. In porous friable soils of the section mentioned, at an elevation of 1,200 
to 1,500 feet, it does well. 
Doinine. 

This variety is occasionally found in the older Piedmont orchards of Virginia, but 
it has not been planted in recent years. It does fairly well on all of the types of soil 
in the Piedmont region, but produces the most of its fruit in alternate years. In a 
high state of cultivation it would probably bear considerable fruit every year. In 
one orchard on Cecil sandy loam, at an elevation of about 900 feet, it is said never to 
fail to produce a partial crop. In this case it is receiving no special care. Its season 
of ripening is late fall and early winter. 
Dula. Sjiionym: Dula's Beauty. 

This variety is doubtless a seedling of the Limbertwig, as it originated from a col- 
lection of seeds of this variety which were planted for stocks. The general charac- 
teristics of the tree give additional evidence of such an origin. The tree, however, is 
more thrifty and vigorous than the Limbertwig. It originated at Lenoir, Caldwell 
County, N. C, from seed planted by Mr. J. A. Dula, who knows the variety as Dula's 
Beauty, but under the rules of the American Pomological Society this should be 
reduced to Dula. It has not yet been widely disseminated. It is a large, dark red, 
more or less striped apple of good dessert quality, keeps fairly well, and is a prolific 
bearer in the vicinity of its origin. It is considered an apple of much value as a long- 
keeping variety both for home use and for market, and is said to do well either on 
bottom land which is a sandy alluvial soil or on hills and ridges where the type 
approaches Cecil clay. The elevation where it is most grown is 1,000 to 1,200 feet. 
10207°— Bui. 135—11 3 



34 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Early Harvest. Synonyms: Yellow Harvest, Princess Yellow Harvest, Yellow Juneating. 

Of the early varieties this is more widely grown throughout the Piedmont region 
than any other sort. It is probably less frequently found in the Georgia portion of 
this region than in the other sections of it. It is used locally, however, and seldom 
shipped. No personal studies have been made; hence all data as to its behavior have 
been obtained thi'ough interviews with the growers. Elevations and soil types have 
been studied as for the later sorts. 

It has been reported from Virginia growing at altitudes ranging from 800 to 1,600 
feet and on nearly every type of soil common to these elevations in that State. It is 
being grown on many different types of soil at points south of Virginia, but it is con- 
fined generally to the elevations of the Piedmont region. It gives a high degree of 
satisfaction for its season from the middle of June at low elevations in the more southern 
latitudes to the middle of August or early in September at some of the highest points 
in North Carolina, where it occurs only rarely. In the middle Piedmont region its 
usual season is about July 10 to July 20. 
Early Ripe. 

Comparatively few growers in these regions are acquainted with this variety, but it 
is in a few of the Virginia orchards; it may rarely be found in other sections of the 
Piedmont region, but to a very limited extent. 

The conditions under which it has been reported are essentially the same as those 
referred to under Early Harvest, and in the ideals of those who know the variety it 
fills much the same place that that variety does. In time of ripening it is about the 
same or a little earlier than Early Harvest. In certain important early apple-growing 
sections the Early Ripe is being planted extensively for commercial purposes. 
Esopus. Synonym: Esopus Spitzenburg. 

No important commercial plantings of this variety exist in these regions, but in very 
limited nimibers trees of it may be found in a few widely separated orchards. Its 
value in most of these orchards is apparently very slight. 

At the lower levels it usually drops prematurely, and even on Porters black loam 
at 2,000 feet elevation it often rots and drops seriously. At 3,000 to 3,500 feet altitude 
in North Carolina, on a rather loose loamy soil with porous subsoil containing more or 
less red clay, it develops more satisfactorily, keeps well into the winter, and does not 
manifest in any marked degree the defects observed at the lower levels. An apparent 
exception to the usual behavior of this variety is reported from Albemarle County, 
Va., at an elevation of about 1,000 feet and on what is probably Cecil clay soil. Under 
these conditions it is said to be unusually promising, as indicated by the behavior of 
a limited number of trees. The reported success of this variety in this location, how- 
ever, is greater in the limited way in which it has been grown than experience elsewhere 
would have suggested as probable. 
FaU Cheese. 

This variety has been considerably confused in the Piedmont region, where it is 
more or less grown, with one or two other varieties. In some of the southern markets 
it is considerably sought after during its season, which in the middle Piedmont is 
September and early October. While apparently quite widely disseminated, it is 
not ^own extensively and occurs rarely except in the old orchards. 

The dessert quality of Fall Cheese is excellent, and for home use or for supplying 
certain trade demands it could doubtless be given more prominence than it has at the 
present time. 
FaU Orange. 

This variety is more often found in the older Piedmont orchards of the Virginia por- 
tion of these regions than at more southern points, but in this section its distribution is 
very limited. While not a heavy bearer, it is said to produce more or less fruit nearly 
every year. The fruit develops to a large size when well grown, acquires a rich yel- 
135 



VARIETIES OF APPLES. 



35 



low color, and possesses a pleasant flavor. For home use, especially, it would appear 
to possess considerable merit as a fall variety. 

In Bedford County, Va., at 900 to 1,000 feet elevation on Cecil sandy loam, it has 
proved more satisfactory than most varieties have under these soil conditions. Here 
it reaches maturity the last of September, but may be kept until the holidays. 
Fall Pippin. 

This variety occurs in a few of the older orchards, particularly in Virginia, but it is 
unimportant in these regions. In the mountain orchards, where it is found , it generally 
bears good crops in alternate years, but in the Piedmont orchards it is apparently pre- 
disposed to decay and is of little value on this account. A difference of 500 feet in ele- 
vation makes considerable difference in the time of its reaching maturity. A similar 
difference is of course noticeable in the case of all varieties. 
Fallawater. Synonym: TulpehocJcen. 

The distribution of the Fallawater apple is quite general in the Piedmont and Blue 
Ridge regions of Virginia in the older orchards, but it has rarely been planted in 
recent years, nor is it common south of Virginia. It is relatively unimportant here 
either for market or home use. The tree, though making a fairly vigorous growth, 
is short lived, twenty-five or thirty years being considered about the limit of time it 
may be expected to live. Fairly heavy crops are usually borne in alternate years. 

Its behavior may be indicated as follows: At the lower levels of the Piedmont region 
in Virginia and along the foothills it reaches a very large size, and primarily on this 
account it drops badly. It is also subject to decay, almost the entire crop often being 
lost in this way. At elevations of 1,500 or 1,800 feet the fruit is generally smaller 
than at the lower levels and the dropping and other defects are less serious. At these 
higher points its season of maturity is late fall to early winter; in the Piedmont region 
it is a fall variety. In this connection it is of interest to note that in the northern 
fruit districts, where it is grown more or less, it can be held until well into the winter 
without difficulty. In a few instances trees on Cecil clay and Porters clay at an alti- 
tude of 1,200 feet have given good results, but as a rule the higher altitudes are to be 
preferred. In the northern portion of these regions trees on the red clay loams at 
altitudes of 1,000 to 1,500 feet formerly gave satisfactory results, but in recent years 
bitter-rot has been serious in this portion of the regions. This disease, however, can be 
controlled by proper spraying. 
Gano. 

The Gano apple is seldom found in these regions. From a limited observation it 
appears probable that it will correspond quite closely to the Ben Davis in its adapta- 
bility to conditions and in its general behavior in these regions. 
Gilpin. Synonyms: Car thouse, Romanite, Little Red Romanite. 

The Gilpin is a variety of minor importance, but is found occasionally in the older 
orchards. In localities where drainage is not perfect, both soil and atmospheric, it 
" clouds " badly. In locations in the middle Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions having 
elevations of 1,200 to 1,300 feet on Porters clay and Porters black loam it gives satis- 
factory results for the variety. It is an unusually long-keeping sort and is considered 
excellent for cider making. 
Gravenstein. 

The Gravenstein is a variety widely grown in many sections of the country, more 
especially in the North, but reported occasionally from Virginia and other southern 
points. While not fully tested in these regions, it is promising for its season, which 
in the central Piedmont region is during August. It is of value for cooking and for 
dessert and is one of the comparatively early sorts that is desirable for evaporating. 
Grimes. Synonym: Grimes Golden. 

The occurrence of this variety is quite general throughout these regions, and though 
not as yet grown extensively in many of the orchards, it is of recognized commercial 
135 



36 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



value, the importance of which is undoubtedly increasing. The tree is considered by- 
fruit growers generally to be short lived, but no particular complaints of this kind 
have been noted by the growers here. However, most of the trees are still compara- 
tively young. The tree is satisfactorily productive as a rule, though under the usual 
cultural conditions.it has "off" years, as do most varieties. 

Experience thus far indicates that the Grimes is a desirable variety to grow both 
for home use and commercial purposes in most of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge 
regions where conditions are suitable for the planting of apple orchards. The relative 
elevation appears to be a particularly important factor in its effect upon the durability 
of the fruit. Reference to its behavior at particular points will indicate the influence 
of conditions upon it. An orchard 12 to 15 years old in Bedford County, Va., on 
Porters clay, at 1,500 feet elevation with southeast exposure, produces fruit of unusual 
excellence, notable for its good size, fine yellow color, crispness of texture, and rich, 
spicy flavor. This orchard has had hardly fair care. The fruit of this variety from it 
reaches edible maturity early in October, but possesses good keeping qualities for the 
variety. On the same farm at a point having somewhat lower elevation and a looser 
type of soil it matures considerably earlier and is not of such excellent flavor as from 
the location above mentioned. Produced at elevations of 2,000 feet in the upper 
sections of the Blue Ridge region it may be kept under fairly favorable conditions 
until early winter. Grown on Cecil clay at 1,000 feet elevation it lacks the rich color 
and high flavor mentioned above, the size is somewhat smaller, yet this combination 
of conditions appears to meet the requirements of the variety fairly well. In certain 
sections on Murrill clay loam the fruit appears to be susceptible to certain fungous 
diseases, especially the so-called "cloud" or "sooty" fungus. But the location with 
reference to air drainage may account for this. At points south of Virginia at the 
elevations of the Piedmont region it is inclined to drop prematurely, but when grown 
at points having not less than 1,500 feet altitude it is highly prized in its season. One 
grower in the southwestern part of North Carolina has this variety at 2,500 to 2,800 feet 
elevation, and also at an altitude 400 to 600 feet higher. It is his experience that the 
fruit grown at the latter elevation will keep two months longer than that from the lower 
level. The fruit is also finer in appearance and more satisfactory in every way at the 
greater elevation. For best keeping qualities it should not be allowed to become too 
mature before picking. 
Hoover. Synonym: Black Coal. 

In the Virginia and North Carolina portions of the mountain region the Hoover is 
widely distributed, though mostly in small plantings, but it is not grown extensively 
in the Piedmont region. The orchards in South Carolina and Georgia seldom contain 
it. In the Virginia section it is usually found at the higher altitudes growing on 
Porters black loam. Under these conditions the color becomes very dark and glossy, 
often almost black ; at lower levels it is somewhat dull in color and rather unattractive 
in appearance. Its season of maturity is late fall, but fruit from the orchards of greatest 
elevation may be kept until early winter. In North Carolina the conditions under 
which the variety is grown have not been as carefully studied as in Virginia, but in 
passing through the mountain sections one sees this variety very commonly. During 
the fall it is the one most often brought to the stations for sale to passengers on the trains. 
Jonathan. 

This variety occurs only rarely, and reference is here made to it because of the possible 
value it may possess for these regions. The tree is not always as vigorous as might be 
desired, but usually no serious difficulty exists in this respect. Fairly early bearing 
i8 a characteristic. Normally its season is late fall to early winter, but if grown at 
moderately high elevations it would probably reach maturity sufficiently late to per- 
mit of its being handled in cold storage, for which it is especially well adapted. It 
135 



VARIETIES OF APPLES. 



37 



possesses exceptionally high dessert quality and ranks as an important commercial 
variety in some sections of the country. 

Its behavior in the few places in these sections where it is known to occur indicates 
that it is worthy of careful consideration by those who are planting orchards at eleva- 
tions of 1,200 to 1,500 feet or more within these regions. The finest specimens found 
in these regions have come from the orchards which have the highest altitudes of any 
of those in the Blue Ridge. Observations have been confined to young trees. 
Kinnard. Synonym: Kinnard's Choice. 

This variety occurs at a few rather widely separated points in these regions, but the 
plantings of it are small, in most cases consisting of only a few trees. There appears to 
be no well-defined reason, however, why it has not been more generally planted than 
has been the case. Its good size, attractive, dark red color, and pleasing dessert quality 
are all factors in its favor, and so far as observed the tree appears to be productive and 
desirable in its habit of growth. Its season is late fall and early winter, but with 
proper handling it possesses fairly good keeping qualities. It is more nearly an annual 
bearer than most varieties. 

The soil types and elevations where the Kinnard apple has been studied are the 
following: In Virginia, Amherst County, Porters clay, at 1,200 to 1,500 feet elevation; 
Bedford County, the same, also on Murrill clay loam at 1,000 feet. In Lumpkin 
County, Ga., in a sandy loam with rather loose porous subsoil, at 1,500 feet elevation; 
in Habersham County, under conditions very similar to those mentioned in Lumpkin 
County, also at about 1,700 feet altitude on a very friable, deep red loam with porous 
subsoil having a small content of clay. Under this range of conditions it has been 
uniformly successful and experience thus far warrants the conclusion that it is one 
of the most valuable varieties with fairly long-keeping qualities for growing at southern 
points. 

Kittageskee. 

In the southern portion of the Piedmont region it is said that the Kittageskee variety 
is one of the surest bearers of any with good keeping qualities. No personal observa- 
tions have been made. The fruit is small, but its bearing proclivities commend it 
especially for home use. The soil in this portion of the Piedmont region is mostly a 
friable red clay or sandy loam, with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 feet. 
Lawver. Synonym: Delaware Red Winter. 

There are but few places in the eastern portion of the country where this late-keeping 
variety is grown extensively, yet it is widely distributed. It is of very slight im- 
portance in the estimation of nearly all who have had experience with it. It has 
been found at one point in the southwestern part of North Carolina at about 3,000 
feet elevation, and also in northeastern Georgia. It is of no special value in either 
section, though it is said to bear well in North Carolina, which is quite contrary to its 
usual behavior in this respect in most sections where it is grown. 
Limbertwig. Synonyms: Red Limbertwig , Green Limbertwig . 

This is another one of the well-known varieties which was widely planted in the 
older orchards throughout the entire Piedmont region and to a lesser extent in the 
mountains, but it has seldom been planted in recent years. It is generally considered 
a standard winter variety in these regions, though not an important commercial sort. 
In some localities, especially certain ones in North Carolina, it is the only variety 
grown in any considerable quantity. The main axis of the tree is rather upright in 
habit of growth, but the smaller branches are considerably drooping. It is more 
regular in bearing than many varieties are. The fruit is seldom above medium size; 
color, as frequently grown, is a dull, unattractive red, but under the most favorable 
conditions it becomes a clear, deep red. In some seasons it has been quite susceptible 
to bitter-rot. 
135 



38 ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Its behavior may be outlined, as follows: Grown on Cecil sandy loam at 800 feet in 
the Virginia section, it is inclined to rot and drop even when given fairly good care. 
Cecil loam at corresponding elevations gives somewhat better results. With good 
care this apple reaches a rather high degree of perfection in the upper Piedmont and 
Blue Ridge regions on Cecil clay. Porters sandy loam, and Porters black loam at eleva- 
tions of 1,000 to 1,300 feet; likewise, it generally does well on the clay loam soils of the 
Piedmont region in North and South Carolina and northeast Georgia. At the higher 
points in North Carolina conflicting results occur frequently. For instance, on a 
soil similar to Cecil sandy loam at 2,000 feet altitude, one grower claims that this 
variety possesses more good qualities and is more satisfactory than any other variety. 
Another one not far distant from the first considers it unsatisfactory in every way. 
It is quite possible in this particular instance that the question of soil moisture is the 
determining factor, the moister soil giving the better results. Again, on clay loam 
soils at 3,000 to 3,500 feet elevation the behavior is satisfactory, the fruit being much 
more juicy and larger and finer in every particular than it is under many other con- 
ditions. On the other hand, there are instances under nearly all of these conditions 
in which the rotting and dropping of the fruit are serious faults. Such results render 
impossible any general summary regarding its limits of adaptability. 
McAfee. 

So far as observed, this variety has not been planted intentionally in any portion 
of these regions, but in several instances it has been obtained through error and is 
being grown under some other name, usually the one for which it was bought. In the 
few places where this variety has been observed, however, it appears to grow and 
fruit well. It is an apple of fair size, prolific, and as a rule of excellent keeping 
qualities, often producing fruit when most other varieties fail. Its rather dull color 
makes it less desirable as a market sort than many others, and for this reason especially 
it is doubtful if it is likely to become of any particular importance in this region. 

It does well, as noted, in the case of young trees on Cecil clay at 800 feet elevation. 
On Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 feet, where most varieties are at best of uncertain value, 
this is a fairly good winter sort, and at 1,500 feet on a loose, blackish sandy loam, 
which is a deposit washed from a Porters clay hillside and doubtless underlaid by this 
type, it is giving good results so far as its fruiting capacity is concerned. It bears 
more or less every year, and the specimens are very fine of the variety. Also at about 
the same elevation in North Carolina on a sandy loam soil with porous subsoil it is 
giving favorable results. Similar results are obtained in corresponding locations 
in northeastern Georgia. 
Maiden Blush. 

This is not a prominent variety in these regions and has been mentioned only occas- 
ionally, but most of the reports concerning it are favorable. On Cecil sandy loam at 
900 to 1,000 feet elevation it is inclined to rot severely, but on the more clayey soils 
of the Piedmont region it does well. Its season of ripening varies considerably, 
Tanging from summer to early fall. In the middle Piedmont orchards it would prob- 
ably ripen in August or early in September; at one point in North Carolina having an 
altitude of 3,500 to 4,000 feet, with rather loose friable loam, some very fine specimens 
have been seen the middle of October. In some sections of the country where early 
apples are grown extensively this is an important commercial sort. 
MHam. 

Comparatively few growers have this variety in their orchards. Its small size 
restricts its usefulness to the home orchard, but its high dessert quality makes it of 
value in this connection. It may be used in the fall, yet under favorable conditions 
it can be kept until well into the winter. Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 feet altitude and 
Porters clay at 1,500 feet appear to be favorable soil conditions for its growth in the 
Virginia portions of these regions. 
135 



VAKIETIES OF APPLES. 



39 



Missouri. Synonym : Missouri Pippin. 

This variety is found only occasionally in the younger orchards. It has not been 
tested sufficiently to render definite conclusions possible as to its merits for these 
regions. The tree is quite susceptible to twig-blight in some places. In fact, this is a 
rather serious weakness of the ti-ee. Blight has been noted on trees growing on several 
types of soil in these regions, but it is doubtful if this is associated directly with the soil 
conditions. It comes into bearing at an early age, and for this reason it is frequently 
recommended as a "filler" to plant with other sorts with the intention of cutting 
it out when the permanent trees require the space. 

As to the adaptability of the Missouri apple, it is sufficient to state that on Cecil 
clay and Porters clay at 1,000 to 1,200 feet, it is promising as a commercial sort. It 
has fairly good keeping qualities. At 3,000 feet in North Carolina it is doing well, but 
at the higher points it is of doubtful value. 
Nansemond. Synonym: Nansemond Beauty . 

This variety is quite widely distributed, but it is so very poor in dessert quality 
that it is not a popular apple, though it is frequently very beautiful in appearance and 
sometimes sells at good prices. 

The finest specimens of this variety which have come within the range of these 
studies were grown in southern Virginia at an elevation of from 1,200 to 1,500 feet, 
on a soil approaching Porters sandy loam, but containing more clay than this type 
does, and on an eastern to southeastern slope. The trees were 16 to 18 years of age. 
Under these conditions it is very highly colored and of good size. Cecil clay and Cecil 
sandy loam at the usual elevations of these types produce fairly good specimens, but 
the color is usually less brilliant and the tendency to "cloud" much greater than at 
the higher points referred to. The tendency to drop its fruit badly is noticeable under 
a wide range of conditions. This difficulty has been noted especially in Virginia on 
Cecil clay at 1,000 feet and on Porters black loam at about 2,200 feet. 
Nickajack. 

In these regions this variety is commonly known by the name indicated, though 
more than forty synonyms for it have appeared in American pomological literature. 
It has been quite widely planted in these regions, especially in the Piedmont, though 
in small quantities. It is generally successful, being more regular in bearing than 
many varieties are. The fruit is similar in general appearance to McAfee, and in 
these regions it is doubtless preferable to that variety. In the upper portion of the 
Piedmont region, grown on Cecil sandy loam, Cecil clay, or Porters clay at the usual 
elevations of those types, it is generally prolific. The fruit may be kept until well 
into the winter without special care. 
Northern Spy. Synonym: Spy. 

The Northern Spy is another one of the northern varieties which is found frequently 
in the older orchards of these regions and is widely distributed throughout them, espe- 
cially in Virgiuia and North Carolina, though occurring in small numbers. It has 
been found on nearly all the more common types of soil and at many elevations from 
1,000 to 3,500 feet. While it is a standard whiter variety in the North and of high 
dessert quality, it is of little or no value here, except possibly at the highest eleva- 
tions. The claim is made that it lacks the peculiar crispness and richness of flavor 
in the South which characterize it in the North. The tree is a vigorous grower, and 
Tinder favorable conditions it reaches large size, but it is very tardy in coming into 
bearing. It is frequently planted in some sections of the country as a stock on which 
to top-work other varieties. 

Serious rotting and dropping are conspicuous faults at most southern points where 
this variety is grown, except at the highest altitudes. The longest keeping specimens 
and those which in every way approach most nearly to the best type grown in the 
North are produced at elevations of 3,500 to 3,800 feet in North Carolina on clay loam 

135 



40 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



soil with porous clayey subsoil. Such conditions develop a firm, solid fruit, with 
excellent color and fair keeping qualities. Porters black loam and some modifications 
of it at 2,000 feet or more in Virginia also produce good fruit, but the natural limit of 
its durability is reached by the Christmas holidays or early winter. So far as observed 
there is no exception to the general statement that at points below 1,800 or 2,000 feet 
elevation the variety is unsatisfactory, premature rotting and dropping occurring to 
a disastrous extent. 

Oldenburg. Synonym: Duchess of Oldenburg. 

As with Wealthy, Gravenstein, and several other varieties considered in this con- 
nection, but little is actually known of the behavior of this sort in these regions. So 
far as reported it is a regular and abundant bearer and gives promise of value as an 
early ripening variety for culinary purposes. Its season in the middle Piedmont 
would probably be early July. 

Ortley. Synonym: White Bellflower. , 

Only a passing mention of this variety is required, as it is of little importance. It 
is in a few of the older orchards, where very little attention is given to it. Loamy soils 
with deep, rich, porous subsoil and comparatively high altitudes are favorable to its 
best development. It has a long ripening season and may be used throughout the 
fall months. 

Pennock. Synonyms: Pennochs, Red Pennoch, Phoenix, Winter PenicJc, Large 
Romanite. 

It is seldom that this variety is found at the lower altitudes away from the moun- 
tains, but it is common in the foothills and higher elevations. 

A dry rot or breaking down of the cell tissue just under the skin has been observed 
in certain instances, especially in the Georgia section. This variety is of only second- 
ary importance. It does not have a reputation for heavy crops, but on Porters 
black loam from 2,000 to 2,500 feet elevation the fruit develops very finely and may 
be kept until well into the winter. The red clay loams at 1,000 to 1,200 feet also give 
good results where located at the foot of the mountains. 
Pilot. Synonym: Virginia Pilot. 

Like the Pennock, the Pilot is not often found, except in the mountains or in close 
proximity to them. It has seldom been planted in recent years. The tree requires 
an unusual amount of room for best results, since it grows to a large size. It is very 
late in coming into bearing, little fruit is produced before the trees are 12 years old, 
and frequently they are nearly 20 before they become a source of much profit. 

This variety seldom gives satisfaction below an altitude of 1,200 feet, and then only 
on Porters black loam or some of the other rich, loose, mountain types of soil. On 
Porters clay at 1,600 feet it usually produces light crops, which frequently decay. In 
some places it hardly bears at all, particularly on the heavier clay soils at less than 
1,000 feet elevation, where it occasionally occurs. The fruit often sets under such con- 
ditions, but it drops badly and is also liable to decay. The trees which have made 
the best record of any observed are in a Virginia orchard on Porters black loam with 
a western exposure and an elevation of not less than 1,500 feet. These trees are prob- 
ably twenty years old and bear considerable fruit nearly every year. Annual bear- 
ing, however, is unusual with this variety. Some of the small growers in the moun- 
tain sections sometimes allow the fruit to remain in piles all winter under the trees, 
covering them with a light mulch of leaves or straw. In the spring, after the frost 
has gradually withdrawn before the mulch is removed, the fruit is barreled and sold. 
It is claimed that very satisfactory prices are often obtained when handled in this way. 
Pine Stump. 

But little attention has been given this variety by any of the growers. It is of 
North Carolina origin and has been propagated more or less by some of the nursery- 
135 



VARIETIES OF APPLES. 



41 



men of that State. The tree makes a fairly strong, healthy growth and is nearly an 
annual bearer. It does not reach a sufficiently large size to be desirable when grown 
in the mountains. For home use and local markets during the fall, if grown under 
favorable conditions, it is worthy of more consideration than it has yet received. 
Pryor. Synonyms: Pryofs Red, Big Hill. 

Many of the older orchards contain this variety, but it is more commonly known by 
its synonym Big Hill. It has been studied under quite varied conditions of soil and 
elevation, but there seems to be very little to recommend it for any portion of these 
regions. It is irregular and unreliable in bearing and more susceptible to diseases 
such as "cedar rust" and "leaf spot" than most varieties are. The fruit, when a 
crop is produced, is considered of pleasing dessert quality for early winter use. It is 
commonly said to be "played out." 
Rabun. « Synonym: Rabun Bald. 

This variety has not yet been disseminated outside of the locality of its origin in 
Rabun County, Ga., but on account of its apparent value as a winter sort of good dessert 
quality for the southern Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions it is referred to in the pres- 
ent connection. In the locality where it was first discovered, the tree is a stocky, 
vigorous grower, producing a heavy crop in alternate years, with considerable fruit in 
"off" years. The fruit is large; under color, yellow, but when well colored heavily 
splashed and striped with bright crimson; good to very good in dessert quality. 
Ralls. Synonyms: Rawles Genet, Geneton, Janet, Never/ail. 

Over thirty synonyms of this variety exist in American pomological literature, of 
which those given are the ones in common usage. There are few varieties of apples so 
widely distributed in as many different sections of the country as this one is, though it is 
seldom found in orchards of recent planting in these regions. The tree does not develop 
to a large size here, but is more nearly an annual bearer than most varieties are and 
often produces such heavy crops that the fruit is abnormally small. On account of 
blossoming very late it may escape injury from unseasonable frosts in the spring when 
most varieties are damaged thereby. It is one of the longest keeping varieties grown 
in these regions. It is very variable in its behavior from year to year, even on the 
same trees ; especially is this true with reference to bitter-rot. In 1902 it was seriously 
affected by this disease in a large proportion of the orchards in these regions, regard- 
less of soil or location, while in 1903 it was comparatively free from fungous diseases of 
all kinds, notwithstanding the fact that many varieties were more seriously attacked 
by bitter-rot than in the previous year. 

In its wide distribution in these regions, it is found growing under nearly all com- 
binations of conditions characteristic of them. As before noted, its difference in 
behavior from year to year makes reliable deductions difficult. From data at hand, 
however, it appears that Porters black loam and Porters clay at the higher altitudes, 
where so much of the finest fruit is grown, are no more favorable locations for it than 
Cecil clay at lower elevations. One of the most unsatisfactory impressions of the 
variety comes from an orchard at 1,500 or 1,600 feet elevation on Porters clay. Murrill 
clay loam and Cecil clay usually produce as good results as any soil conditions which 
exist in these regions. In the orchards of greatest elevation in North Carolina the fruit 
sometimes fails to develop properly, but remains green, and the texture is tough and 
hard. On the other hand, in 1904 some trees at these high altitudes produced a good 
crop of very excellent fruit. As the climatic conditions were the one variable factor, 
the only conclusion which seems possible is that these differences in the behavior of 
the variety in this instance were due to the climatic differences of the seasons. 

«For more complete history and description see Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1906, p. 359. 
135 



42 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Rebel. 

Although unimportant commercially at the present time in these regions and grown 
only sparingly in a few orchards, the fine appearance and good dessert quality of the 
Rebel apple make it worthy of more general testing than it has yet received. In sea- 
eon it is late fall and early winter. 

In the middle Piedmont region on Cecil clay it does well and is apparently of value. 
It is less successful generally when grown on the red clay loams as far north as Rappa- 
hannock County, Va., than it is farther south. At some points in the Shenandoah 
Valley (which is, of course, outside the limits of the regions in question) the fruit as a 
rule is rather undersized. 
Red Astrachan. 

The Red Astrachan is not important in these regions at the present time, but in some 
sections where early apple growing is a commercial industry it is one of the most profit- 
able varieties grown. It is known to possess a wide range of adaptability in many 
different sections of the country, and from available data at hand it seems probable that 
it may be of value in large portions of these regions for its season, which in most of the 
Piedmont region is during July. Possibly it would begin to ripen at extreme southern 
points late in June. The range of conditions, however, from which actual data have 
been obtained have been rather limited. The tree as a rule makes a strong growth. 
It is late in coming into bearing, often being 10 to 12 years old before it bears heavily. 

At 1,000 to 1,300 feet elevation on Cecil sandy loam and on Cecil clay in Virginia 
satisfactory results are claimed. Similar favorable reports are given in the South Caro- 
lina section of the Piedmont, where this variety is more or less grown. It has seldom 
been found at the higher altitudes; hence, its behavior in the more elevated places and 
under the soil conditions of the mountains can not be definitely stated. At one point 
in North Carolina on soil similar to Cecil sandy loam, at about 2,000 feet elevation, it is 
said to develop a slightly bitter taste, which makes it unpopular, but aside from this it 
is said to do well under these conditions. 

Red June. Synonyms: Carolina Red June, North Carolina Red June, June. 

The distribution of this variety in the Piedmont region is quite wide, though the 
indi\ddual plantings are small. It is one of the earliest ripening varieties grown in 
the region, and is considered of value for its season. In general, the comments rela- 
tive to Red Astrachan are applicable to this variety also. At points in the extreme 
southern portion of these regions it is grown more commonly than the Red Astrachan 
is. On the sandy loam of Lumpkin County, Ga., with an elevation of 1,500 feet, it is 
said to do especially well. 

Rhode Island Greening. Synonym: Greening. 

As might naturally be expected, this variety is of but little value here under any 
of the existing conditions. It follows closely the behavior of most northern varieties 
when grown at southern points. Fortunately, it is in only a few orchards. The 
most satisfactory location observed is in western North Carolina, at an elevation of 
3,000 feet, on a deep porous loam. Under most conditions in these regions where it 
has been found, early maturity, premature dropping, and decaying are common faults. 
In most southern locations, except at high altitudes, it lacks nearly all the points of 
merit which in the northern fruit-growing regions make it one of the standard com- 
mercial winter sorts. 

Rome Beauty. Synonym: GilleWs Seedling. 

Although this is a well-known variety and one widely distributed, it is rarely found 
in the regions in question. As a rule, wherever it has been planted it is growing under 
some other name, and only a tree or two of it in a place. Most of the trees in this 
region are young; hence, the variety has not been tested for a sufficient length of 
time to definitely determine its merits. It appears, however, to be promising for 
135 



VARIETIES OF APPLES. 



43 



this section, especially in the Blue Ridge region, and to be worthy of attention by 
those who are planting orchards or even small collections for home use. 

In Virginia, on Cecil sandy loam, at 900 feet, it is especially satisfactory, particu- 
larly in view of the fact that these conditions are unfavorable to most varieties. So 
grown, it is said to keep until the holidays. Cecil clay and Porters clay at elevations 
of 1,000 to 1,500 feet, in the northern Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions, usually com- 
bine conditions which are favorable to this variety. At 1,500 feet altitude on Porters 
clay it becomes an early winter variety of very fine appearance and good dessert 
quality. As a rule, it is considered especially well adapted to sandy soil. On Por- 
ters black loam at 2,300 feet, it is considered of more than usual value. It is highly 
prized in western North Carolina, where it occurs at an altitude of 3,000 feet on a deep 
porous mountain loam. It is, however, somewhat inclined to drop. This is its 
greatest weakness, but with good cultural conditions it appears worthy of more general 
planting in the future. 
Boxbury. SynonYm: Rozbury Russet. 

"While grown considerably in the northern fruit districts, the Roxbury is an un- 
important sort in the South and is in only the older orchards. It produces fairly 
abundant crops in the mountain orchards, and the fruit usually reaches a compara- 
tively high degree of perfection for the variety, but it lacks the long-keeping qualities 
for which it is especially valued in the North. 
Shockley. 

This is another one of the widely distributed varieties of the older plantings. It 
possesses many characteristics of merit in nearly the entire Piedmont region from 
Virginia to Georgia. Its small size makes it undesirable for commercial purposes, 
and its poor dessert quality renders it unfit for a high-class dessert apple, but its 
abundant and regular bearing proclivities under most Piedmont conditions and its 
unusually good keeping qualities make it worthy of some consideration, even though it 
is lacking in some other particulars. Doubtless the conditions under which it grows 
influence its flavor to a noticeable degree. The claim has been made in one com- 
parison that on Porters black loam with northern exposure it is small and of very 
poor flavor, while at the same elevation on a red clay soil with southern exposure it is 
of good size for the variety and its flavor greatly improved over that on Porters black 
loam. In some instances the fruit has been severely attacked by apple scab and 
cedar rust, especially the latter. This susceptibility to disease does not appear to be 
influenced by location. 

At 1,500 feet altitude in Albemarle County, Va., on Porters clay, this variety is not 
considered of special value, but at the same elevation in Georgia on a soil containing 
rather more sand than Porters clay does, with good culture it comes to a high degree of 
perfection, and when held until midwinter it generally brings very satisfactory prices 
in local markets. In the southwestern part of North Carolina, at 1,700 feet elevation, 
on a friable, porous loam, with good culture it bears annual crops of highly colored 
fruits, which develop to a larger size than under most conditions. In North Carolina 
at 3,500 to 3,800 feet, while the Shockley apple bears heavily and colors well, it ia 
usually too small to be of much value, especially as other more desirable sorts succeed 
at these elevations. The clay and clay loam soils of the Piedmont region with the 
usual elevations of those soils may be expected, as a rule, to produce this variety in a 
fair degree of perfection. 
Smith. Cider. 

In a number of orchards at widely separated points in these regions, the Smith 
Cider apple is grown more or less. While it does not rank high as a commercial sort 
it has frequently been a profltable variety. The fruit is more subject to bitter-rot 
than many sorts are, but this disease has not been very serious as a rule. Its season ia 
late fall or early winter, depending upon the conditions under which it is grown. 
135 



44 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



On the Cecil clay and Porters clay soils of the Piedmont region of Virginia this 
variety usually reaches good size, colors well, and develops a higher dessert quality 
than it does in many sections of the country. It also does well in the mountains up to 
an elevation of 1,500 feet. It has been found in only one or two orchards at higher * 
elevations, but at these points it is of no special value, since it appears to lack the 
characteristics which make it desirable at the lower levels. At an altitude of 3,000 feet 
on loose mountain soil in North Carolina it is said to bear irregularly, to be of soft 
texture, and to possess poor keeping qualities. In the northern portion of the Pied- 
mont region when grown on the friable red clay loam at about 1,500 feet altitude it is 
especially mentioned for its productiveness and is said to be a profitable market 
variety. 
Smokehouse. 

A large number of orchards contain this variety in both the Piedmont and Blue 
Ridge regions, although it seldom occurs in their southern portion. It is valued both 
for market and for the home orchard. Fairly heavy crops are borne in alternate years, 
with very light crops as a rule in "off" years. In the central Piedmont sections it is 
a fall apple. 

That it may be successfully grown under a wide range of conditions is made evident 
by the universally favorable reports made by growers whether located on the clayey 
soils of the Piedmont or the more porous types of high mountain sites. 
Stayman Winesap. 

The plantings of this variety have been very limited and of too recent date to draw 
any definite conclusions as to its ultimate value for these regions. It is generally con- 
sidered one of the more promising of the newer sorts. In North Carolina at 3,000 feet 
elevation it is considered of special value, and at one point extensive plantings of it 
have been made. While in some seasons it does not color as highly as is desirable, 
this defect apparently occurs less frequently as the trees get older. At an elevation or 
3,500 to 3,800 feet in North Carolina on loose mountain loam young trees have produced 
exceptionally fine specimens. So far as observed it is also promising under Piedmont 
conditions. 
Summer Rambo. 

There has been a lack of systematic study of this variety, as of all the earlier ripening 
sorts. It is a common variety in some sections of the Piedmont regions and gives 
general satisfaction for its season. It is not much grown in the mountains. 
Terry.« Synonym: Terry Winter. 

The dissemination of the Terry apple has been somewhat general through the 
extreme South, but in very limited numbers. The tree is a slender, upright grower 
and very productive, the fruit inclined to be undersized on this account. Nearly 
annual crops are produced. It is one of the few late-keeping, well-colored winter 
sorts of high dessert quality which are especially adapted to southern conditions. 

The only orchard in these regions in which trees of this variety have been located 
is in Habersham County, northeastern Georgia. At this point the elevation is about 
1,400 feet and the soil a reddish, rather sandy loam characteristic of this region. Under 
these conditions, with good culture it is proving of exceptional merit as a winter sort. 
The many points of merit which it possesses make it one of the most promising varieties 
for the southern portions of these regions. 

Tompkins King. Synonyms: King, King of Tompkins County. 

It is sufficient to note concerning this variety that it follows in general the behavior 
of the other northern varieties which have been planted in the South. It is not much 
grown, however, in these regions. The tree is short lived here, as in the North. 

«For a more complete history and description, see Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1903, p. 270. 
135 



VAKIETIES OF APPLES. 



45 



In the upper portion of the Blue Bidge region at an elevation of 1,500 feet on Porters 
clay it matures early in the fall, possessing no particular points of merit. In some of 
the orchards of greatest elevation in the Blue Bidge it more nearly reaches the charac- 
teristics of northern grown specimens, but it can not be recommended even for these 
locations. 

Virginia Beauty. « 

The history of this variety dates back nearly a century to its origin in Carroll County, 
Va. Though more or less disseminated in that section of the State soon after the 
original tree began to bear, it does not appear to have become generally known, unless 
possibly in a few particular sections, until comparatively recent years. This 
variety has been planted quite extensively in some sections of these regions during 
the past few years. The tree is a sturdy, stocky grower with branches standing out 
nearly straight from the main axis of the tree, producing a rather fiat head. In a few 
instances it has blighted somewhat, but this has not been a common experience. The 
fruit is large; when highly colored nearly a solid purplish red; flavor mild, subacid, 
almost sweet, and of excellent dessert quality. Its season is fall to midwinter, as influ- 
enced by the conditions under which it is grown and kept. It is fairly productive, 
though possibly not bearing such heavy crops as some sorts. 

This variety has been noted as giving very pleasing results on Cecil clay and Cecil 
sandy loam at 800 to 1,200 feet elevation, and at the higher elevations in western 
North Carolina it is also doing well. The influence of elevation does not appear to be 
as marked as in the case of many other varieties which have been mentioned. 
Wealthy. 

This variety is rarely found in these regions and the trees are of too recent planting 
for it to be fully tested yet. From the indications, however, it appears to be a prom- 
ising variety for its season. Its behavior in other widely separated sections indicates 
that it is well adapted to an extensive range of conditions. It is attractive in appear- 
ance, of good dessert qualit}^, suitable for either home use or market, ripening in the 
central Piedmont region of Virginia during August. 
Willow. Synonym: Willow Twig. 

The limited range of conditions under which this variety has been studied renders 
a definite estimate of value impossible. It has been located in a small number of 
orchards, of which the following represent typical conditions. 

At one point in Bedford County, Va., on what is probably Porters sandy loam with 
east to southeast exposure and 1,200 to 1,500 feet elevation, this is considered one of 
the most satisfactory varieties. It also does well on the porous mountain soil of 
North Carolina at 3,600 to 3,800 feet altitude. 
Winesap. 

This is one of the four or five great commercial varieties of the Piedmont region, 
and as a "general-purpose" winter apple for the Piedmont conditions it is one of the 
most uniformly successful and satisfactory sorts grown in this region. What the Bald- 
win is to the northern apple-growing sections, this variety is to this region. In habit of 
growth the tree is somewhat drooping and irregular, but it is fairly strong and vigorous, 
though occasionally severely attacked by some of the leaf -blight fungi. The root 
system is inclined to be rather weak and shallow; hence the trees are more liable to 
be uprooted during storms than they otherwise would be, but in orchards that are 
fairly well protected this has not proved an especially serious matter. The trees often 
begin bearing when they are 3 or 4 years old and usually produce paying crops when 
6 to 8 years old. While not producing heavy crops every year, they are more nearly 
annual than those of most varieties, especially when the trees are maintained under 
good cultural conditions. 

<^For a more complete history and description, see Yearbook, Department of Agri- 
culture, 1905, p. 495. 
135 



46 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Reference to its behavior under stated conditions will indicate in some degree the 
range of adaptability of the Winesap in these regions. At 800 to 1,000 feet altitude on 
Cecil sandy loam in the upper Piedmont the tendency to rot and drop is more marked 
than on Cecil clay at the same altitudes. This is, however, one of the most satisfactory 
winter varieties on Cecil sandy loam at the usual altitudes of this soil. Cecil clay 
and Porters clay at elevations of 1,000 to 1,200 feet furnish combinations of conditions 
which appear to be quite ideal for producing this variety with marked success. As 
a rule, orchards thus located may be expected to be more regular in bearing and to 
produce finer, more highly colored fruit than under most other conditions afforded 
in these regions. On Porters black loam and the other loose mountain soils at eleva- 
tions exceeding 1,200 to 1,500 feet it is susceptible to the apple scab fungus, and 
increasingly so at higher altitudes. At the higher elevations it is also usually small 
and poorly flavored and frequently possesses a faded, " washed-out " color which 
appears to be peculiar to such conditions, with a tendency to stripe instead of devel- 
oping a solid red color. These tendencies have been noted in a lesser degree in some 
of the "cove orchards" at elevations of less than 1,200 feet, where Porters black loam 
abounds, but they are much less pronounced and occur with less uniformity than at 
the higher points. On the other hand, extended observation indicates that these 
"characteristics tend to disappear on red clay soils until elevations of at least 1,500 
feet are reached, and possibly even higher altitudes. The effect of the higher eleva- 
tions, as above noted, appears to diminish to a large extent in the rather loose clayey 
loam of the Blue Ridge region in western North Carolina. The soil in question is 
intermediate in physical characters between Cecil clay of the lower levels and Porters 
black loam. With these soil conditions at elevations of from 2,500 to 2,800 feet, the 
Winesap is considered one of the standard commercial winter varieties. It is said, 
however, to bear more abundantly on the heavier clay soil which is found in small 
areas in this mountain section than on the more loamy types. The conditions in the 
northern portion of the Piedmont region seem to be less uniformly favorable to its 
highest development than in most of this region, the fruit developing some of the char- 
acteristics of that grown at the higher elevations farther south. In connection with 
the behavior of this variety in these regions it is of interest to note that the peculiarities 
which it develops in the northern portion of the Piedmont region and at high eleva- 
tions farther south in the Blue Ridge are similar to those manifested in the northern 
apple-growing districts, but in the North they are still more pronounced than they 
are at any point in the South. 

Summarizing these results, it is apparent that the conditions in the northern portion 
of the Piedmont region at 1,000 to 1,200 feet elevation do not produce the best results, 
and that in the more southern counties of Virginia which have been referred to the 
conditions produce very excellent fruit, but less satisfactory results are secured at 
points having elevations which much exceed that of the Piedmont region, while still 
farther south this variety can be grown at higher altitudes than is possible in the 
northern portion of the Piedmont. Its behavior thus indicates in an interesting way 
the corresponding relationship between altitude and latitude in their influence upon 
the behavior of this variety. 

Winter Paradise. Synonym: Paradise Winter Sweet. 

There are few sweet apples grown in these regions, and of the number this is the 
most common one, especially in the older orchards of the Piedmont section of Virginia. 
It is not being planted much at the present time. Its season is fall and early winter. 
By careful handling it can be kept until the Christmas holidays. As a local market 
variety it is fairly popular, usually bringing as high prices as any variety of its season, 
and frequently more than most sorts. The fruit is more or less subject to bitter-rot, 
the loss from it sometimes representing a large part of the crop. 
135 



VABIEXIBS OF APPLES. 



47 



From observations made thus far it is apparent that the best results may be expected 
on Porters clay at elevations of 1,200 to 1,500 feet in the middle sections of these regions 
or in corresponding locations north and south. Wherever it has been found at the 
higher altitudes in Virginia on the loose mountain soils, the fruit has usually been 
rather small in size and of poorer dessert quality than at the lower points. 
Yates. Synonyms: Yates Winter, Red Warrior. 

The Yates is a variety widely distributed over much of the Piedmont region, though 
seldom grown in commercial quantities except for small local markets. The tree 
makes a healthy, thrifty growth, bearing regular and heavy crops. The fruit is small 
in size, rather unattractive in appearance, and not of high dessert quality, but even 
when grown in the extreme southern portion of these regions it has long-keeping 
qualities, frequently being kept until spring with no special care, and then, when 
there is little competition with other varieties, it is sold in local markets at very 
profitable prices. For general market purposes, however, its small size makes it 
undesirable. 

In the course of these studies this variety has been found doing especially well on 
Cecil sandy loam in Bedford County, Va., at about 1,000 feet elevation and in north- 
east Georgia under the conditions mentioned under Terry. Its productiveness and 
long-keeping qualities in these sections make it considerably prized. 
Yellow Bellflower. Synonym: Bellfiower. 

This variety has been found in several orchards under quite widely different con- 
ditions in the Virginia section of these regions, including both lowland and moimtain 
locations. There is nothing to recommend it in any of these situations so far as 
observed. As a rule it is unproductive, and the fruit which reaches maturity is rela- 
tively small and inferior in nearly every particular. 

Yellow Newtown. Synonyms*; Albemarle Pippin, Newtown Pippin, New York Pip- 
pin, Virginia Pippin. 

In these regions the synonym first mentioned is the name by which this variety is 
imiversally known, though the leading varietal name, according to the rules of the 
American Pomological Society, is as indicated. It is one of the few prominent com- 
mercial varieties of these regions, Winesap, York Imperial, and Ben Davis being the 
others of most importance. It is grown to some extent the entire length of the Blue 
Ridge region, but more extensively in Virginia and North Carolina than at points 
farther south. While it ranks as one of the leading commercial sorts of these regions 
and doubtless bears a more flattering reputation than any other one, there are com- 
paratively few growers who consider it as profitable as some of the other varieties, 
and it is being planted extensively at present only in a few rather restricted sections. 
The greatest possibilities of the variety can be realized only when it is grown under 
the best cultural conditions. As better methods of orchard management are adopted 
in these regions, it is possible that it will increase in commercial importance in the 
future for planting in locations to which it is especially adapted, because of the high 
favor in which the fruit is regarded both for export and domestic markets and the 
relatively high prices which it generally brings. 

The tree makes a slow growth and under usual methods of culture in these regions 
is late in coming into bearing. It seldom produces crops that are of commercial value 
before it is 12 years old, and in the experience of many growers not until it is 18 or 20 
years old. It is unusual for the trees to bear any fruit of commercial consequence 
more frequently than every other year, and many orchards do not produce crops 
oftener than every three or four years, and even less often in numerous cases. The 
orchards which are given the best cultivation are as a rule the ones which bear the 
most regularly and abundantly and are relatively the most profitable. The tree is 
quite subject to twig-blight in comparison with many other varieties, and bitter-rot 
136 



48 



ORCHAED FRUITS IN VIRGHsTIA AND OTHER STATES. 



attacks the fruit very seriously in some cases. The latter, however, yields readily to 
epi-aying, and hence is regarded with less concern than formerly. 

The wide distribution of this variety has made possible a more extensive study of 
its i-ange of adaptability in these regions than of many other sorts. The results of 
these observations are summarized as follows: 

Successful culture of this variety is commonly supposed to be confined to the black 
soil (Porters black loam), or " pippin soil" as it is often called, of the mountain sections 
of the States included in this discussion. While this may be true in a general way, 
it is evident that there are several types of soil on which it is reasonably successful. 
All the types, however, possess at least two characteristics in common, namely, a high 
degree of fertility and a comparatively loose, friable texture. The subsoil must also 
be comparatively open and porous and the location such that perfect atmospheric and 
soil drainage are insured. All things considered, as above indicated, Porters black 
loam doubtless is one of the most satisfactory types of soil for this variety, since it 
usually possesses the qualifications mentioned above in the highest degree. This 
apple is found principally in the mountains at various altitudes and in coves where 
Porters black loam abounds, often at elevations not exceeding the general level of 
the Piedmont. Even these lower points, where the drainage is good, are favorable 
places for this variety, though the higher altitudes are to be preferred. Most excellent 
fruit is grown also on Porters sandy loam, and so far as the data at hand indicate the 
orchards on this type are equally as productive as those on Porters black loam, 
although it should be stated that Porters sandy loam varies greatly in fertility, and 
this fact should be considered in selecting sites for orchard purposes. 

One type of red clay soil on which this variety succeeds well appears at first sight to 
be a stiff, compact clay, but in reality it is friable and fairly porous, so that in this 
particular, as in the other points, it conforms to the requirements mentioned. 
This type is found in some parts of Nelson County, Va., and is considered especially 
desirable for this variety. It is probably a modification of Cecil clay, but possesses a 
friability and looseness of texture which this type does not have. The most desirable 
locations in the last-named county are on the slopes of the mountains and hills with 
elevations of 1,000 to 1,500 feet or more. This type of soil is also found more or less in 
other sections. The red loam of northeastern Georgia is somewhat similar, but it con- 
tains less clay, possesses a more friable texture, and the subsoil is more porous. In 
the latter section only young trees of Yellow Newtown have been observed. These 
have borne a medium-sized crop of fairly high-grade fruit, but premature dropping 
was indicated. The trees, however, were in a neglected condition. 

In Rappahannock County, Va., one type of soil on which the Yellow Newtown is 
commonly grown is also quite like the Nelson County type. The behavior of the 
variety in this section does not differ materially from that farther south, but it is con- 
sidered less profitable than some other kinds, especially York Imperial, and it is seldom 
found in other than the older orchards. 

In the Piedmont types of soil throughout the regions of which Cecil clay and Cecil 
sandy loam are the most common, this variety is nearly a complete failure. The rela- 
tively poor atmospheric drainage of the region and the close texture of the soil probably 
account for the lack of success on Cecil clay, while Cecil sandy loam is lacking also in 
fertility. Under these strictly Piedmont conditions the fruit is usually small, unat- 
tractive in appearance, frequently drops prematurely, is subject to disease, especially 
to the fungi causing "cloudy" fruit, is of relatively inferior dessert quality, and is 
lacking in nearly every other desirable characteristic. In many instances the trees 
on the heavier, more compact soils are less vigorous and the foliage lighter colored 
than on soils better adapted to them. In the mountain orchards in North Carolina 
having the highest elevations this apple is less satisfactory than at intermediate points. 
135 



VARIETIES OF APPLES. 



49 



Yellow Transparent. 

During the past few years this variety has become quite widely distributed in the 
Piedmont region, but it has seldom been planted in the mountains. The individual 
plantings consist of only a few trees each. The tree is not as a rule a strong grower, 
nor is it considered a long-lived tree in other sections where it has been grown exten- 
sively, although aside from its susceptibility to twig-blight, which in some cases is 
severe, it isnot subject to any special disease. As a rule, however, in these regions blight 
has not been a serious matter. On account of the rather small size attained by the 
tree, closer planting is possible than in the case of most other sorts. Few varieties 
begin to bear as young as this one does. Fairly regular and abundant crops may be 
expected under good cultural conditions. Its season of ripening is in advance of Early 
Hai-vest, which is the early variety most often found in the older orchards. 

Observations in these regions have been confined to comparatively young trees, 
but thus far as an early ripening sort the Yellow Transparent is giving a high degree 
of satisfaction wherever it has been tried. This applies to nearly the entire range 
of conditions existing in the Piedmont region and to at least one of the most elevated 
localities in western North Carolina. 
York Imperial. Synonym: Johnson^ s Fine Winter. 

The distribution of this variety has been quite general in the Virginia and North 
Carolina sections of these regions, where it rates as one of the most important market 
sorts. The tree is desirable as to habit of growth, being fairly ^-igorous and healthy 
aside from its susceptibility to "twig blight," which occasionally is rather severe. 
It begins bearing comparatively young, frequently producing crops of considerable 
value at 6 or 7 years of age. 

The data at hand are somewhat conflicting concerning the relationship between 
the behavior of this variety and the conditions under which it is grown; hence only 
generalizations can be indicated at present. It appears to be less influenced by soil 
conditions than by elevation. In the Piedmont orchards having less than 1,000 to 
1,200 feet elevation serious rotting and premature dropping are apt to occur, and 
while frequent exceptions to this have been observed it is sufliciently constant to 
suggest that extensive plantings of it in this region should be made cautiously, if at 
all, except in the northern portion, where it appears to be more nearly free from 
serious faults than almost any other commercial variety that is being grown and is con- 
sidered one of the most profitable sorts. This applies specifically to locations in 
Rappahannock County in close proximity to the mountains. In the Blue Ridge 
region above an elevation of 1,200 to 1,500 feet premature dropping is generally less 
severe than it is at lower points. Especially satisfactory results have usually been 
obtained on Porters clay at these middle elevations, where very heavy crops are 
expected, at least in alternate years. If heavy dropping occurs in such cases, a 
suflicient quantity of fruit usually remains to result in a heavy crop. At the higher 
altitudes this is considered a valuable variety, especially in North Carolina, where 
it has grown at 2,500 to 3,500 feet altitude. 

It is frequently found advisable to harvest the crop of this variety somewhat earlier 
than that of most of the other commercial sorts on account of its tendency to drop, 
but this is not necessarily an objection in large orchards, where the harvesting must 
extend over a considerable period of tingie. 

The contrast between this variety and Winesap in the manner in which they 
respond to the influence of elevation is of interest. The elevation at which the 
Winesap begins to deteriorate and above which it becomes more inferior as the eleva- 
tion increases appears to be about the point below which York Imperial is inclined 
to manifest certain faults which tend to disappear at higher altitudes. 
10207°— Bui. 135—11 i 



50 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



PEARS. 

Pear culture is not a commercial industry in any portion of the 
Piedmont or Blue Ridge regions. There are a few orchards of con- 
siderable size at widely separated points, but the aggregate of the 
fruit produced is relatively small and of Httle consequence con- 
sidered from the standpoint of supplying any extensive market 
demands. Only a smaU number of the more common varieties are 
being cultivated. Brief mention of the most important ones follows. 

VARIETIES. 

Angouleme. Synonym: Duchesse de Angouleme. 

Trees 10 or 12 years old of this variety are giving promising results in Bedford 
County, Va., where they are groT^ing on Porters clay at 1,500 feet elevation. Har- 
vesting usually occurs from the first to the middle of September. 
Bartlett. 

This variety occurs occasionally in the Piedmont region of Virginia, but only very 
rarely in any other section of the tenitory under consideration. It has been observed 
at but one point in the Blue Ridge. The chief difficulty with this vai'iety is the 
susceptibility of the tree to blight. This disease is frequently very severe at the 
points where the variety has been observed. The fruit gi'own in these regions ripens 
from the middle of August to the middle of September, as influenced primarily by 
the elevation at which it is produced. 

Excellent fruit is grown where the trees remain in good condition in the Piedmont 
region of Virginia. It has been located in one mountain orchard in North Carolina 
at an elevation of 3,500 feet or more on a friable loam, where it is e^ddently fairly 
satisfactory. The only other point in the latter State from which this variety has 
been reported is in the Piedmont region with an elevation of about 1,100 feet. Here 
the blight has been so severe that the variety has been practically discarded. 
Clapp Favorite. 

Notes relating to Angouleme apply also to this variety, except that it is earlier 
and the tree is very subject to blight. 
Garber. 

This variety has been observed only on Cecil sandy loam at about 1,000 feet alti- 
tude in Virginia. It appears to be well adapted to these conditions, producing 
excellent crops of fruit for the variety. Harvesting occurs from the middle of Sep- 
tember to early October. The tree apparently is not particularly subject to blight. 
Kieffer. 

There are but a small number of large commercial plantings of this variety, but it 
is generally distributed in small lots throughout the Piedmont region. However, it 
is the only variety in these regions that is grown to any extent for market purposes. 
It has not been commonly planted in the mountains. The tree grows well and bears 
abundantly on all the Piedmont soils; the fruit deA''elops satisfactorily, and where 
well cared for and properly handled it develops a higher dessert quality than it does 
under many conditions, especially at northern latitudes. This applies especially to 
points in the southern portion of the Piedmont. The orchards in North Carolina 
having altitudes of 3,500 feet or more are evidently above the range of its satisfactory 
development. While the trees make a good growth at these elevations and bear 
heavy crops, the fruit assumes the characteristics of northern-grown specimens. 
The texture of the fruit at these high points is hard and woody, the color less attractive, 
135 



VARIETIES OF PEACHES. 



51 



the flavor poorer, and the size smaller than when grown under the Piedmont condi- 
tions. The last of September to early October is the harvest period, the exact time 
being governed by the conditions under which it is grown. 
Le Conte. 

Conditions which are favorable for the Kieffer and the Garber have generally 
proved well suited to this variety. It is also growing on the deep red loam of north- 
eastern Georgia at an altitude of 1,500 to 1,700 feet. The fruit develops well here, 
but the trees have sometimes blighted considerably, though apparently no more 
subject to blight than under other conditions of soil and elevation. Sometimes at 
the more southern points harvesting is begun the last of July, but usually August to 
early September covers the period. 
Seckel. 

A small number of fruit growers in the northern portion of the Piedmont have 
mentioned this variety, but its distribution in this region is very limited. It is said 
to give good results on Cecil sandy loam and on the lower mountain slopes where the 
soil approaches Porters sandy loam in texture. It has been reported favorably from 
western North Carolina at 3,500 to 3,800 feet elevation; also at 1,100 feet it is said to 
give satisfactory results. In the Virginia portion of the Piedmont region it is usually 
picked the last of August to the middle of September. The tree appears to be less 
subject to blight than many varieties are. 

PEACHES. 

Of the orchard fruits which are being grown in the Piedmont and 
Blue Ridge regions, the peach is next to the apple in commercial 
importance, though in comparison with the latter the industry is small 
except in a few localities. There is but a small number of orchards 
at high elevations, the most of them being at the Piedmont altitudes 
or along the foothills and lower slopes of the mountain sides. 

The commercial development of the peach industry has been more 
or less centralized in certain localities. While individual orchards are 
scattered throughout the regions in question, the aggregate product 
of which is considerable, they have no appreciable influence upon the 
general market, since their output is practically all required to supply 
the local demand. Of the more important commercial centers, Albe- 
marle County, Va., has become somewhat conspicuous during the 
past fifteen years or so, because of the late peaches which are pro- 
duced along the lower slopes of the Blue Ridge. There are also 
orchards of commercial importance in Amherst and Bedford coun- 
ties, as well as at other points in this State, but they are considerably 
isolated in their location with reference to one another and, as above 
stated, supply, mostly, only local needs. The same thing is true in 
the corresponding sections of North Carolina and South Carolina. 

Northern Georgia is relatively the most important portion of these 
regions as a peach-growing section. The orchards are still young, 
but many of them are extensive, and the product of the region is a 
recognized factor in the peach market. 

135 



52 ORCHARD FRUITS m VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



The varieties that are commonly gro^Ti have not been studied in 
relation to their adaptability to the conditions as critically as is desir- 
able, since personal inspection during the ripening period has been 
impracticable in most cases, and hence the verification of the identity 
of but few of the varieties has been possible. The notes relating to 
the behavior of the several varieties referred to are based on the expe- 
rience and opinions of the growers, not on personal observation, except 
in a few instances. 

Some reference is made under nearlj^- every variety to its time of 
ripening in some particular section. While the dates mentioned 
indicate as nearly as possible average periods of ripening, attention 
should be called to the fact that there is frequently considerable 
difference from year to year. Hence, the dates given should be in- 
terpreted as coming within the probable range of the ripening period, 
the exact date being subject to the influence of varying climatic and 
other conditions. 

VARIETIES. 

Albright. S^monym: Albright's Winter. 

This variety is grown in these regions only to a very limited extent and occurs at 
but a few points. Its late season of ripening is the one point which calls for special 
mention. In some seasons it is marketed as late as November from here. It seems 
to be quite susceptible to injury from low degi'ees of temperature while in bud, but 
the blossoms are said to endure cold to an unusual degree. 

At 1,000 to 1,500 feet elevation on Porters sand on the lower slopes of the Blue Ridge 
and its spurs, the Albright is somewhat prized by some of the growers, particularly 
in Albemarle County, Va., where very profitable returns in some seasons are reported. 
It also does fairly well at 1,000 feet elevation in the Piedmont region of South Caro- 
lina, but the fruit is more susceptible to disease, especially scab or brown-spot, than 
on the slopes of the mountains. Its season of ripening is probably too late to permit 
of its reaching perfect maturity on the heavier clay soils of a large portion of the Pied- 
mont region. WTien the fruit fails to matm'e in these regions because of the relative 
shortness of the season, it does not attain a desirable size as a rule and a great amount 
of fuzz develops on the skin, making it very unattractive in appearance. 
Alexander. 

Many orchards and small plantations in widely separated sections of these regions 
contain a small number of trees of this variety. Its principal value is its earliness. 
However, it is not of gi-eat importance commercially here, unless it be for the small 
grower who supplies a local market. In these regions it is essentially a June peach. 
At some of the earliest points picking begins the last of May, sometimes as early as 
the 18th or 20th, extending to early July in the more northern locations or at the higher 
elevations south, as, for instance, in Buncombe County, N. C, at 2,800 feet altitude. 

The behavior of the Alexander peach under these conditions is suggested by the 
following: On the lighter soils, such as Cecil sandy loam or Porters sand of the northern 
portion of the Piedmont region, it does fairly well, but is not especially prized. It 
has also been reported on Cecil clay, which appears to be a reasonably satisfactory 
type on which to grow it in these regions in most instances. The decay of the fruit 
and its irregular ripening, one side maturing before the other, are common faults. 
The same characteristics are also developed in western North Carolina at 2,000 feet 
13.5 



VARIETIES OF PEACHES. 



53 



elevation on sandy loam. The conditions which appear to have given the most uni- 
form success are Porters black loam at about 2,000 feet altitude in Amherst County, 
Va. Here the fruit is usually but little inclined to decay. 
Amsden. Synonym: Amsden^s June. 

Occasionally this variety is found in both the Piedmont and Blue Ridge orchards,, 
but it is relatively unimportant. Like many early varieties, it is likely to rot very 
badly except under the most favorable conditions. It manifests this tendency to 
decay in western North Carolina even at 2,000 feet elevation on soil similar to Cecil 
sandy loam, but under these same conditions it is said to withstand relatively low- 
degrees of temperature in bud and set fruit at times when most other varieties are 
killed. In Amherst County, Va., on Porters black loam at 2,000 to 2,500 feet altitude, 
it is said to be usually very fine. It rotted at this point during the season of 1903 for 
the first time, due probably to the unfavorable climatic conditions which prevailed. 
In the central Piedmont sections maturity is reached about the middle of June. 
Arkansas Traveler. 

This variety has been referred to by only one grower, who is located in Albemarle 
County, Va. On Porters sand at 1,000 to 1,100 feet altitude with south to southeast 
exposure it is considered one of the most desirable of the early sorts, ripening here 
the last of June. Under these conditions it does better than on Cecil clay at 1,000 
feet elevation; it also develops a better color on the lighter soil. This comparison 
is made by the one grower who has it under the two sets of conditions mentioned, the 
locations being in close proximity to each other. 
Beatrice. 

On Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 feet altitude in Bedford County, Va., this variety does 
not prove to be of any particular value. The fruit ripens on one side and becomes 
soft before the other side is ripe. As reported from western North Carolina on similar 
soil at 2,000 feet altitude it is considered a standard variety. As implied elsewhere, 
such conflicting results as the above should receive further investigation, particularly 
with regard to the identity of the variety in the different locations mentioned. 
Belle. Synonym: Belle of Georgia. 

Reference to this variety has been made by growers in only the southern portion of 
the Piedmont region, where in the deep red loams or clay loams it is recognized as 
one of the leading varieties. Its season in northern Georgia is early July to the middle 
of the month. 

Bilyeu. Synonyms: Comet, Bilyeu's Comet, Bilyeu's October, BilyeiCs Late. 

In Albemarle County, Va., where peach culture has been developed to a considerable 
extent, this is the most important variety being grown. It is the latest sort to ripen of 
those which are being extensively cultivated, coming into the market the last of 
September and frequently extending nearly to the end of October, when the supply 
of peaches i^^ light. At this season, good prices usually prevail and it is considered a 
profitable sort. At the present time it is grown but little in the Piedmont and moun- 
tain regions, except in the county named and in a few orchards in Amherst County, Va. 

The Bilyeu is more sensitive to the influence of conditions under which it grows 
than most varieties are. The highest degree of perfection in these regions is reached 
on the lower slopes of the mountains, somewhat elevated above the general level of 
the Piedmont, where perfect atmospheric and soil drainage are insured. Excellent 
results are obtained on Porters sand where properly located, but Porters black loam 
and nearly all the loose, friable mountain types of soil are well suited to it. On Tobacco 
Row Mountain in Amherst County, Porters black loam, with an elevation of 2,000 to 
2,500 feet, it develops very finely, and is considered one of the most satisfactory of all 
the varieties grown in this section. Under these conditions the fruit develops to a 
large size and colors very beautifully. On the heavier clay soils the behavior is entirely 
135 



54 



ORCHAED FEUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



different. The fmit is subject several fungous diseases and does not develop 
properly, being small and inferior in every way to that from the higher altitudes. 

In western North Carolina on soil similar to Cecil sandy loam, with 2,000 feet eleva- 
tion, very pleasing results are also reported. But at the lower levels toward the south- 
ern extremity of the Piedmont region, the experience of the growers is similar to that 
of the growers in the upper Piedmont and indicates that this variety is not well adapted 
to this section. The fruit does not develop to a satisfactory size and in appearance ia 
similar to that grown farther north on the heavier soils at similar distances from the 
mountains. 

Bishop. Synonym: Bishop^ s Early. 

The only location from which this variety has been reported is in Bedford County, 
Va., on a red clay soil similar to, if not identical with. Porters clay, at an elevation of 
about 1,200 feet. It is claimed to be satisfactory. The good reputation which it has 
made at corresponding elevations in the Allegheny Mountains on a red shale soil, 
together with its behavior as above mentioned, indicates a considerable range in its 
adaptability to soil conditions. In the central Piedmont region ripening would prob' 
ably occur from the middle to the last of July. 
Carman. 

This is one of the more recent introductions which is promising in many locations. 
In the friable red clay loam and sandy loam of northeastern Georgia and western South 
Carolina, with elevations ranging from 1,000 to 1,700 feet, this is considered one of the 
most important varieties. In Albemarle County, Va., under conditions favorable to 
Bilyeu, it is very fine, but in this same locality on Cecil clay at 900 feet elevation it is 
said to rot badly and to advance rapidly from a condition which is too immature for 
picking to one which is too soft for shipping. In the above-mentioned county, at 900 
feet elevation, its season extends from July 15 to July 25. In central Georgia it is 
nearly a month earlier. 
Champion. 

Only a small number of growers in these regions have had experience with this 
variety, but two having mentioned it. These have trees located on Porters sand at 
about 1,200 feet elevation in Albemarle County, Va., and Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 
feet in Bedford County. In each case the results indicate that the Champion has con- 
siderable merit for these conditions. It is reported to endure severe climatic condi- 
tions in a sufficient degree to produce good crops of fruit when most other varieties 
have failed to do so under the same conditions. In the central Piedmont sections 
ripening would probably occur from the last of July to early August. 
Chinese Cling. 

The distribution of the Chinese Cling is more general than most varieties. As a rule 
it is proving fairly well adapted to the conditions prevailing in the Piedmont region 
and on the lower slopes of the mountains. In Albemarle County, Va., however, the 
difference in its behavior on the lowland and on the mountain slopes is as marked as 
with Carman. In the former location this variety is said to decay seriously, while on 
the mountain slopes only a short distance from the Piedmont orchard in which serious 
decaying occurs it is giving good results and is considered a standard sort. Cecil 
sandy loam at 1,000 feet altitude, a similar type at 2,000 feet in North Carolina, and a 
friable red clay loam in northeast Georgia having about 1,500 feet elevation are other 
combinations of conditions to which it seems well adapted. On a clay loam at 1,000 
feet elevation in South Carolina, it is inclined to decay badly. In the Piedmont 
region ripening occurs from the last of July to the middle of August, the exact time 
depending upon elevation and other conditions. 
Connett. Synonyms: Southern Early, ConneWs Southern Early. 

Few of the growers have had experience with this variety. It has been reported, 
however, as doing exceptionally well under three diverse combinations of conditions. 
135 



VAEIETIES OF PEACHES. 



55 



Two of these locations are in Virginia, one of which is in Amherst County on Porters 
black loam at 2,000 feet altitude, the other in Bedford County on Porters clay at 1,200 
to 1,300 feet. The thii'd is in South Carolina at 1,000 feet altitude, on a soil similar to 
Cecil clay, but which contains more sand than this type does. A wide range of adapta- 
bility is thus indicated. In the latter location its season is early July, but later farther 
north or at greater elevations. 
Crosby. 

Occasionally this variety has been mentioned in Virginia, and usually with com- 
mendation. In Albemarle County on Porters clay grading into Porters sand, at 1,100 
to 1,200 feet elevation, the Crosby bears abundantly and the fruit develops to a good 
size for the variety, but at 1,500 feet or more the fruit is frequently too small and the 
skin covered with a fuzz too dense to be desirable. Cecil clay at 1,000 feet in Bedford 
County also appears to be well suited to this variety. Ripening occurs the last of 
August in the middle Piedmont sections. The buds are considered very hardy with 
reference to low temperatures. 
Early Crawford. 

This has long been a standard variety of wide distribution and it does fairly well in 
the Piedmont region wherever it has been grown. At high elevations in North Carolina 
it is said to be rather tender in bud, but when it escapes injury it develops in a satis- 
factory manner, especially on the friable loam, which is characteristic of certain por- 
tions of the higher altitudes. It is reported to be especially fine at some points in the 
"thermal belt." It is also grown with a fair degree of success on Cecil sandy loam at 
1,000 feet altitude, on Cecil clay, and on various other t^^es common to the Piedmont 
region. As nearly as can be determined, however, from the experiences of the growers, 
it possesses no merits which render it of preeminent value under most conditions in 
this section. Its season is early August in Bedford County, Va. It has proved unde- 
sirable as a "mountain peach" in certain other sections of the country. 
Eaton. Synonym: Eaton' s Golden Cling. 

This variety is known to only a very smaU number of growers. It is apparently of 
little value here. At widely separated points on Cecil sandy loam or soil similar to 
this t}^e and at elevations of about 1,000 feet it grows well, ripening about the middle 
of September. On a soil of similar character, at 2,000 feet, the tree is reported to be 
unhealthy and the fruit is said to be knotty. " It is also unsatisfactory on Porters 
clay at 1,300 feet in Bedford County, Va. 
Elberta. 

This variety holds a unique place in the development of the peach-growing interests 
of the country. More than any other, it has entered into the wide extension of peach 
culture which has taken place during the past few years. 

The Elberta is more widely distributed and extensively grown in these regions than 
any other sort. Under nearly all the combinations of soU, elevation, and other influ- 
encing factors which these regions present, it is generally successful. Doubtless, there 
are conditions more favorable to a high degree of success than others, but as no per- 
sonal examination of the fruit has been possible, only its general beha\T.or can be 
stated. Occasionally there has been some complaint of decay, but such reports are 
unusual and doubtless due to local causes unless attributable to some widespread cli- 
matic conditions which are unfavorable. Some seasons the fruit rots badly on young 
trees which are growing rapidly, when under similar conditions the fruit on older trees 
does not manifest this weakness, but this is quite generally true of most, if not of all, 
varieties. Porters sand, Cecil sandy loam, Cecil clay, and Porters clay at the usual 
elevations of these tj^es, the sandy loams of western North Carolina at 2,000 feet, the 
red loams and red clay loams of western South Carolina and northeastern Georgia, and 
Porters black loam with some modifications of this type at elevations reaching nearly 
135 



56 



ORCHARD FRUITS IIT VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



2,000 feet are all conditions under which this variety is said to be satisfactory with 
usual conditions of climate and other incidental factors. 

One of the most important points to consider in connection with extensive plantings 
of this variety in any section is its season of ripening. On account of its wide range of 
adaptability the "Elberta season" in the market extends over a long period of time. 
The earliest shipments at the present time in large quantities to northern markets are 
made from northeastern Texas and central Georgia and begin usually early in July. 
About the time the heavy shipments are over from these sections the fruit is beginning 
to ripen in northern Georgia. In the northern portion of the Piedmont, the season 
extends well into August. In the Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas its usual 
season of ripening is from the latter part of July to the middle of August, though not 
much of the fruit from this section reaches the eastern markets, where the southern crop 
is mostly marketed, but by this period in the season varieties of better dessert quality 
from other eastern sections are filling the markets. Hence the profitable production 
of this variety in a particular section is fully as much dependent upon its period of rip- 
ening in that section as upon its adaptability to the conditions. While this is also 
true in a measure of all varieties, it applies especially to this one on account of its 
extensive production at many widely separated points. 
George IV. 

If the identity is correct, this variety is of special value for Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 
feet elevation in the region of Bedford County, Va. It has been referred to by a single 
grower at this point, who reports it, growing under these conditions, as unusually satis- 
factory for local markets. 
Globe. 

A single report from western North Carolina indicates that the variety grown under 
this name (which is assumed to be correct) is well adapted to the conditions under 
which it is being grown. These are an elevation of 1,500 to 1,700 feet, a red clay loam 
containing more or less gravel, sand, and fine particles of mica, and an eastern slope. 
The tree is said to be very prolific and the fruit to develop finely. The location is in 
the "thermal belt." Ripening occurs here during August. As a rule the Globe is 
unproductive as a " mountain peach. " 
Greensboro. 

The only mention of this variety has been made by growers at points intermediate 
between the two principal peach-growing sections of these regions. On soil somewhat 
similar to Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 feet elevation, at 2,000 feet on Cecil clay, and at 
about 2,000 feet on Porters black loam it is highly prized, being considered one of the 
best early sorts. The fruit is said to ripen uniformly at the same time and is not much 
subject to decay. Being one of the newer varieties, the Greensboro has not yet been 
thoroughly tested, but is considered promising thus far. In central Georgia, which is 
south of the limits under consideration, its season is from the middle to the last of June; 
in Bedford County, Va., it is three to four weeks later. 
Heath Cling. Synonym: White Heath Cling. 

There is scarcely a commercial orchard in these regions which does not contain this 
variety. While not grown in such large numbers as many other varieties, it is one of 
the most widely distributed of any. It has been reported from practically all condi- 
tions which exist within the limits of the Piedmont region, and within these limits it 
appears to reach a uniformly high degree of perfection. The only adverse experience 
(if the variety is authentic) is from an orchard on Porters black loam at about 2,000 feet 
elevation in Amherst County, Va., where during a period of seven years only one crop 
has been produced. Other varieties under the same conditions have borne satisfac- 
torily. The range of ripening in these regions covers the most of September or even 
greater limits in some cases. 
135 



VABIETIES OF PEACHES. 



57 



Late Crawford. 

Like some of the other varieties referred to, the Late Crawford is grown more or less 
at widely separated points in the Piedmont region, but not extensively in any one sec- 
tion. In the more important peach-growing portions of the Piedmont it is seldom 
mentioned. On Cecil clay, Cecil sandy loam at its various altitudes, and Porters 
clay it is said to give satisfactory returns. At one point in North Carolina having an 
altitude of 1,700 feet it is also doing fairly well. It ripens from a week to ten days after 
Early Crawford. As a rule, it does not do well under strictly mountain conditions in 
certain other sections of the country. 
Levy. Synonjuis: Levy's Late, Henrietta. 

In one orchard on the south slope of Tobacco Row Mountain, in Amherst County, 
Va., the only location in which this peach has been found, it is considered a profitable 
variety to grow. The elevation is from 500 to 700 feet above the general level of the 
Piedmont region. The soil is a comparatively loose, friable red loam, approaching 
Porters sandy loam in its physical properties. Under these conditions the fruit reaches 
good size and has a rich yellow color which gives it an attractive appearance. It is 
fairly prolific. Season here, about the middle of September. The Levy is also satis- 
factory in one or two Piedmont locations in Virginia. 
Lorentz. 

In Albemarle County, Va., on the lower mountain slopes, from 1,000 to 1,500 feet 
altitude, this variety is being cultivated by a small number of growers. It ripens here 
about the middle of September. Its chief value is due to its comparatively late 
season. 

Mountain Rose. 

In general, the comments under Late Crawford apply also to this variety. The con- 
ditions under which it is being grown with success are essentially the same as for that 
variety. It has also been located on Porters black loam at 2,000 feet elevation in 
Amherst County, Va. , where it is said to do well, although the fruit is rather small under 
these conditions. In the Piedmont region of Virginia it reaches maturity early in 
August. 
Oldmixon. 

This variety is grown to a very limited extent in Bedford County, Va., on Cecil clay 
and Cecil sandy loam, where it is giving good satisfaction, and under similar conditions 
in South Carolina it is considered profitable. It is also doing well in Albemarle 
County, Va., on the lower slopes of the mountains on a soil which is probably an over- 
lapping of Porters clay and Porters sand. It develops well on the slopes of Tobacco 
Row Mountain, in Amherst County, but its season of ripening at this point is said to 
render it undesirable as a general commercial sort, since it conflicts with other more 
profitable varieties. Early August is its usual time of ripening in this section. 
Parsons. Synonym: Parsons' Early. 

The only report of this variety comes from Bedford County, Va. It is being grown 
on Porters clay or some modification of this type at about 1,200 feet elevation. It is 
here considered one of the most satisfactory varieties of its season and deserving of 
wider attention. Ripens about the middle of July. 
Picquet. Synonym: Ficquefs Late. 

In the northern portion of this territory, the Picquet is grown to some extent and with 
good success on the lower slopes of the mountains where the soil approaches Porters 
sand in character. In locations at the general level of the Piedmont it is susceptible to 
scab or brown-spot to a very serious degree. In other sections of the country it has 
also proved to be rather susceptible to fungous diseases. It blossoms later than most 
varieties; hence, it may escape injury from late spring frosts when other varieties 
suffer therefrom. It ripens in early September in the regions above mentioned. 
135 



58 



OECHAED FKUITS IN VIEGINIA AND OTHEE STATES. 



Rivers. Synonym: Early Rivers. 

Only a small number of growers have this variety. On Cecil sandy loam at 1,000 
feet elevation in Bedford County, Va., it usually gives good results. Under these 
conditions of soil and elevation it is generally less apt to decay than in many places. 
In the "thermal belt" of North Carolina on a red clay loam containing considerable 
sand and gravel, it is said to be very fine. The fact that it has set a full crop of fruit 
when most varieties were killed in the bud or during the blossoming period by severe 
climatic conditions gives support to a common impression that its buds are more hardy 
than many varieties. The Rivers reaches maturity early in July in the central sections 
of the Piedmont region. 
St. John. Synonym: Yellow St. John. 

In Bedford County, Va., at about 1,200 feet elevation on a soil resembling Porters 
clay, the St. John is said to be more subject to insect attacks than almost any other 
variety; it also frequently rots severely. It has been reported from North Carolina 
as successful on a friable red clay loam about 500 feet above the level of the adjacent 
Piedmont region, and from South Carolina under the usual Piedmont conditions of 
that section. Season in these sections, middle to the last of July. 
Salway- 

This variety is known to only a few growers. One, in Bedford County, Va., who is 
growing it on Cecil sandy loam at about 1,000 feet elevation, considers it among his best 
varieties under favorable climatic conditions and seldom subject to any disease. 
Experience in most sections of the country where this variety is grown would indicate 
that a location which is not well elevated above the surrounding country is not suitable 
for this variety on account of its susceptibility to peach scab or brown-spot. The fruit 
as grown in the above-mentioned Bedford County location, is said to develop, as a 
rule, in a satisfactory manner, ripening about the middle of September. The Salway 
is also grown to some extent on a similar soil in North Carolina at about 2,000 feet 
elevation, where it is reported to do well. 
Smock. 

In Albemarle County, Va. , this variety is grown to a limited extent. The conditions 
under which the Bilyeu reaches its highest degree of perfection are also favorable for 
this. At the Piedmont levels the fruit does not develop properly, and it is subject to 
peach scab . Ripens a little before Salway. 
Sneed. 

The plantings of the Sneed are small and the orchards which contain it are compara- 
tively few in number. That the buds are exceptionally resistent to relatively low 
temperatures was demonstrated in the spring of 1903, when it escaped injury from 
frosts while most varieties were severely injured thereby. It has received favorable 
mention from Bedford County, Va., where it is being grown on Cecil sandy loam at the 
usual Piedmont altitude. Its adaptability to these conditions seems rather marked in 
its resistance in 1903 to brown-rot, which was unusually severe on most varieties 
during that year. Possibly its time of ripening, which occurs here the latter part of 
June, may have had its bearing upon the amount of decay. Porters clay at 1,200 feet 
elevation also gives good results in the same county. In North Carolina at 1,500 feet 
on a friable red clay loam and in South Carolina in the Piedmont region adjacent to 
the mountains, it is being grown successfully. Here it ripens early in June. In very 
many places the fruit is apt to decay seriously, but this does not appear to be a con- 
spicuous fault in this section. It is prolific under the conditions named above, but 
on the sandy loam soils of western North Carolina at 2,000 feet and Porters black loam 
at a similar altitude in certain other sections, it is said to be undesirable because of its 
light bearing proclivities. 
135 



VARIETIES OF PLUMS. 



59 



stump. 

The Stump is a standard sort in many peach-growing sections, but is grown only 
sparingly in the regions in question. The characteristic soils and elevations of the 
Piedmont appear to be favorable to it, though it has not attracted any particular atten- 
tion. Its season in the southern Piedmont region would probably begin the last of 
July, extending well into August in the northern part. 
Triumph. 

In Bedford County, Va., this variety has been planted more or less under several 
combinations of conditions, but with such uniformly unsatisfactory results that its lack 
of adaptability seems to be well established. Its chief defect is its liability to decay 
under slightly unfavorable climatic conditions. A few favorable reports concerning it 
have been noted. One grower who has the Triumph on Porters clay at 1,200 to 1,300 
feet elevation reports it to be fairly satisfactory for its season. In North Carolina on a 
friable red clay loam at 1,500 to 1,700 feet elevation, also in the Piedmont region of 
South Carolina on a soil similar to Cecil clay but containing more sand than this type, 
it is favorably regarded, especially at the point referred to in North Carolina, where it 
reaches an unusually large size for the variety and does not show its usual tendency to 
decay. It is one of the earliest varieties grown in these regions and its period of ripen- 
ing is rather short. 
Wonderful. 

Under the conditions in North Carolina which are described as being particularly 
well suited to the Triumph, the Wonderful is said to be one of the most satisfactory 
varieties grown. It is prolific, and the fruit develops to a high degree of perfection. 

The varieties which have been referred to in the foregoing notes 
include the most important sorts which are being grown in the regions 
under consideration. A considerable number of others have been 
mentioned by growers in the interviews with them, but for various 
reasons, such as evident uncertainty relative to the identity, the 
brief time they have been under trial, or for some other equally 
sufficient reason, they have not been included in this discussion. 

PLUMS. 

Plum culture is of minor importance in these regions, and with the 
exception of a few relatively small orchards it is not a commercial 
industry. A large number of small plantings exist, consisting in 
many instances of only a few trees the fruit of which is intended for 
home use. There are relatively more plums grown in Virginia than 
in other portions of these regions. In most cases, the trees are given 
no particular care; hence, their behavior, as noted, usually represents 
them in a neglected condition. 

It should be stated that, as with other stone fruits, the identity of 
the varieties referred to has been verified in only a few instances. 
As personal inspection of the fruit itself has been impossible, the 
notes below regarding varieties are based upon the experience of the 
growers, and usually their nomenclature has been accepted. 

135 



60 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



VARIETIES. 

Abundance. 

This is one of the most widely distributed of the Japanese varieties and is doubtless 
the most important one being grown in these regions. It rots more or less, but in a 
favorable season this fault is not serious as a rule. It grows well on nearly all the 
types of soil in the Piedmont region of Virginia, such as Cecil clay, Cecil sandy loam, 
and Murrill clay loam. The elevation ranges from about 900 to 1,000 feet. It is 
also reported to do well on Porters clay at 1,500 feet altitude. Similar reports are 
given from the Piedmont region of South Carolina. In northeastern Georgia it blos- 
soms relatively early; hence injury by late spring frosts is reported to occur in a large 
portion of the seasons. This applies to the Japanese varieties as a group. In Albe- 
marle County, Va., the Abundance ripens the first of July. 
Bailey. 

One grower in Bedford County, Va., prizes this variety especially for home use. 
He is growing it on Porters clay at about 1,200 feet altitude. 
Burbank. 

Next to Abundance, this variety is grown more commonly in the Piedmont region 
than any other. Its behavior corresponds closely to that of Abundance, except that 
it is more susceptible to brown-rot than that variety. It closely follows Abundance in 
sequence of ripening. 
Damson. 

In these regions, as in many others, almost any small blue plum is popularly called 
a ''damson," and while they are generally of the damson type, it is not known how 
many different varieties or strains are included under this name. It is sufficient to 
state in this connection that they are generally successful in the Piedmont regions. 
They are not often found in the mountains. The trees are sometimes severely attacked 
by black-knot, but with proper attention this does not usually prove serious. 
Golden. Synonym: Gold. 

Of minor importance, though possibly possessing more value than many other 
varieties of its class. It is a medium-sized, golden yellow, early-ripening sort of fair 
quality. In the Virginia portion of the Piedmont on Cecil sandy loam it bears well, 
and it is also favorably reported from a location at an elevation of 1,200 feet and having 
Porters black loam, 
Milton. 

A small number of gi'owers have this sort in their collections. It is considered effi- 
cient as a pollenizer of the Wildgoose. The quality is fairly good, ripening early. A 
location which may be mentioned as a type in which good results are obtained is in 
Albemarle County, Va., at about 900 feet elevation, on Cecil clay. Other similar 
Piedmont locations, doubtless also certain mountain sites, would prove equally well 
suited to this variety. 
Red June. 

On Porters clay in Bedford County, Va., at 1,200 feet altitude, the Eed June has 
given exceptionally good results. In a large collection of varieties it has proved the 
most satisfactory of the Japanese sorts. It also does well in Albemarle County 
on Cecil clay at about 900 feet elevation, where it is considered one of the most 
reliable bearers of any of this group. In North Carolina on a friable red clay loam at 
1,500 to 1,700 feet and in the Piedmont region of South Carolina adjacent to the 
mountains, it is reported to do equally well. In Bedford County, Va., its season is 
the last of June to early July. 
Satsuma. 

In many places the Satsuma rots seriously, but this weakness has not been a con- 
spicuous fault in these regions, where, at an elevation of 1,000 feet on Cecil sandy soil 
135 



VARIETIES OE CHERRIES. 



61 



and of about 1,200 on Porters clay in Bedford County, it is grown with a good degree 
of satisfaction. It is desirable in both North and South Carolina under the conditions 
described as favorable for the Red June. This is a red-fleshed variety, prized espe- 
cially for preserving and canning. Ripening occurs in the central Piedmont section 
not far from the middle of July. 
Shropshire. Synonym: Shropshire Damson. 

Reference has been made to this variety in commendable terms by growers who have 
it on the principal soil types of the Piedmont region. It is said to be much less sus- 
ceptible to black-knot than the Blue Damson. It is later in ripening than most other 
varieties of plums grown in these regions. 
Smiley. 

Notes under Milton apply in general to this variety; considered an excellent variety 
for cross-fertilizing Wildgoose. 
Wickson. 

This is being grown under the principal Piedmont conditions of Virginia and South 
Carolina, but the trees are of too recent planting to indicate its real merits. A pre- 
disposition of the fmit to decay is noticeable in many instances. In Bedford County, 
Va., its season is early August. 
Wildgoose. 

In Virginia on Cecil clay at an altitude of about 900 feet this variety is reported 
to be profitable, especially where it is growing with other varieties, as Milton and 
Smiley, which insures cross-pollination. In Bedford County, at from 1,300 to 1,500 
feet elevation on Porters clay, it is said to be a failure. The trees blossom, but do not 
set much fruit, and the small amount that does set usually drops. It is probable, how- 
ever, that this result is due to a lack of cross-pollination. It is well adapted to the 
conditions in North and South Carolina referred to under Red June. In the central 
Piedmont sections its season begins about the last of June. 
WiUard. 

Only one grower has mentioned this variety. Its location is in Bedford County on 
Porters clay, or a modification of it, with an altitude of about 1,200 feet. It does not 
manifest any qualities which recommend it for these conditions. In the northern 
Piedmont sections it ripens early in July. 

CHERRIES. 

There are practically no cherry orchards in the Piedmont and Blue 
Kidge regions. The small quantity of fruit which is grown is pro- 
duced on trees that are standing in dooryards, gardens, and along 
fences. The opportunities for studying the adaptability of varieties 
is therefore limited. There is relatiyely more fruit grown in the 
Virginia portion of the Piedmont region than in other sections. 
Practically none is produced in the mountains at the present time, 
though one or two small orchards have recently been planted, but are 
not yet in bearing. 

In view of the status of cherry growing, there is little to be said 
relative to the question of varieties. It mil suffice merely to mention 
those which are most commonly reported and to state briefly the 
conditions under which they are grown. The identity of the varieties 
mentioned has not been verified. 

135 



62 ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



The elevation in most cases is that of the Piedmont region, in close 
proximity to the mountains — about 1,000 feet. The soils on which 
cherries have been found are those common to this region and the 
lower slopes of the foothills. The sweet varieties which have been 
reported as doing well are Centennial, Napoleon, Oxheart, Rockport, 
Spanish, Tartarian, and Wood. It is claimed that Elton rots badly, 
and that on Porters sandy loam Ohio Beauty is unproductive. 
Among the more common sour varieties there are Carnation, Ida, 
May Duke, Morello (English), and Richmond. 

The usual success of cherries in these regions would seem to indicate 
that conditions are well suited to the growing of this fruit, with the 
probability that the mountain conditions would be still more favor- 
able. On account of the very perishable nature of the fruit, several 
economic factors, such as transportation facilities, location with 
reference to markets, and the necessary help for handling the fruit, 
would have to be considered in connection with any commercial 
development of cherry culture in these regions. 

GROUPING OF VARIETIES ACCORDING TO BEHAVIOR AT DIFFER- 
ENT ALTITUDES IN DIFFERENT LATITUDES. 

For the purpose of summarizing the foregoing varietal notes with 
reference to the adaptability of the different varieties to the different 
sections of these regions, the following groups of apple and peach 
varieties — the two kinds of fruit which are of primary commercial 
importance in these regions — are compiled from the varietal dis- 
cussions on previous pages. 

In selecting varieties for planting in any place where soil con- 
ditions are favorable for orcharding, the climatic influences are 
doubtless the most potent of any which need to be considered in con- 
nection with the behavior of any particular variety or varieties. As 
the climate of a place depends very largely upon its elevation and 
latitude, aside from the influence of local surroundings, these two 
factors are made the basis of the grouping in the present instance, 
since relative climatic conditions can best be expressed in these 
terms. Such incidental mention of soil and other conditions as 
appears necessary is made in connection with certain varieties. 

A few varieties of both apples and peaches which are discussed but 
which can not be recommended for planting in these regions are 
omitted from the groups; and in some instances, where varieties have 
not been actually observed in a particular section but in which there 
is reason to suppose they would be satisfactory, they are included in 
the group for that section even though no reference to them in that 
section appears in the discussion. In referring to the groups which 
contain only a small number of varieties, it may be of advantage, 

135 



ADAPTABILITY TO VARIOUS ALTITUDES, ETC. 



63 



when selections are being made for planting, to consider also the 
varieties named in the group having the next higher or lower elevation, 
as the case may be. 

In dividing the regions for grouping the varieties, three sections of 
the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions are made on the basis of lati- 
tude, namely, northern, central, and southern. In a general way the 
northern sections of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions are con- 
sidered to be the portions of these regions which are in Virginia; the 
central sections, the portions in North Carolina; the southern sections, 
the portions in South Carolina and northern Georgia. In grouping 
with respect to elevation, 500 feet is taken as the unit of the divisions 
in the Blue Ridge region. A range of 800 to 1,000 feet covers prac- 
tically all of the Piedmont region under consideration. 

While the varieties named in these groups are intended as a 
^'recommended list" of varieties for the several sections, it should 
be fully understood that not all the sorts are of equal value for the 
sections and for the purposes indicated. In selecting his varieties 
for planting, each grower will need to make discriminations for 
himself, as individual likes and dislikes are important factors in such 
a matter as this. 

The uses to which the different varieties are adapted are indicated 
by one or more of the letters d, Jc, m, nm, placed after each name, 
these letters indicating, respectively, ''dessert," "kitchen," "market," 
and "near-by market" qualities. As here used, "dessert" signifies 
that the variety is desirable for eating in a fresh state; "kitchen," 
that the variety is suitable for cooking; "market" refers to salability 
from the grower's standpoint for dessert or kitchen purposes; 
"near-by market" is used to designate certain sorts which are of 
value for marketing in the region where they are grown but which 
can not be recommended for shipment to far-distant points. 

135 



64 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



APPLES. 



Piedmont Region. 

northern section. 

Range of elevation, 800 to 1,000 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Bonum (dk), 
Buckingham (km), Domine (k), Early 
Harvest (dkm), Early Ripe (km), Fall 
Cheese (dnm), Fall Orange (dk) espe- 
cially on more sandy soils, Graven- 
stein (dkm), Gano (m), Grimes (dm), 
Kinnard (dkm), McAfee (k), Maiden 
Blush (km), Milam (d), Nickajack (km), 
Oldenburg (km), Ralls (dk), Rebel 
(dm) in some places. Red Astrachan 
(km). Red June (dm), Rome Beauty 
(dkm) on the more sandy soils, Shock- 
ley (dm). Smith Cider (m), Smokehouse 
(dkm), Summer Rambo (dk), Virginia 
Beauty (dm). Wealthy (dkm), Winesap 
(dkm), Winter Paradise (dnm), Yates 
(dnm), Yellow Transparent (dkm). 



Blue Ridge Region, 
northern section. 
Range of elevation, 1,000 to 1,500 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Bonum (dk), 
Buckingham (km), Cannon Pearmain 
(dkm) at higher elevations. Early Ripe 
(km), Early Harvest (dkm), Fallawater 
(knm). Fall Cheese (dknm). Graven- 
stein (dkm), Gano (m), Grimes (dm), 
Kinnard (dkm), Limbertwig (km), Mc- 
Afee (k). Maiden Blush (km), Milam 
(d), Missouri (km), Nickajack (km), 
Oldenburg (km), Pennock (m). Pilot 
(d) at higher points, Ralls (dk). Rebel 
(dm) in some places, Red Astrachan 
(km). Red June (dm), Rome Beauty 
(dkm), Smith Cider (m), Smokehouse 
(dkm), Summer Rambo (dk), Virginia 
Beauty (dm), Wealthy (dkm). Willow 
(m), Winesap (dkm) at lower points, 
Winter Paradise (dnm). Yellow New- 
town (dkm) on certain soils. Yellow 
Transparent (dkm), York Imperial (m) 
at higher points. 

Range of elevation, 1,500 to 2,000 feet. 

Varieties: Arkansas (dm), Ben Davis (m), 
Buckingham (km), Cannon Pearmain 
(dkm). Early Harvest (dk), Fallawater 
(knm), Gravenstein (dkm), Gano (m). 
Grimes (dm) especially fine on Porters 
clay at lower elevations. Hoover (k), 
Jonathan (dm), Limbertwig (km). Maid- 
en Blush (km), Pennock (m). Pilot 
(d), Ralls (dk), Rome Beauty (dkm), 
Smokehouse (dkm), Stayman Winesap 
(dkm), Virginia Beauty (dm). Yellow 
Newtown (dkm) on certain soils. Yel- 
low Transparent (dkm), York Imperial 
(m). 

Range of elevation, 2,000 to 2,500 feet. 

Varieties: Arkansas (dm), Buckingham 
(km), Cannon Pearmain (dkm), Grimes 
(dm). Hoover (k), Jonathan (dm). Maid- 
en Blush (km), Pennock (m), Rome 
Beauty(dkm), Stayman Winesap (dkm), 
Virginia Beauty (dm). Yellow New- 
town (dkm) on certain soils, Yellow 
Transparent (dkm), York Imperial (m). 



135 



ADAPTABILITY TO VARIOUS ALTITUDES, ETC. 



65 



APPLES — continued. 
Piedmont Region — Continued. Blue Ridge Region — Continued. 



CENTRAL section. 

Range of elevation, 800 to 1,000 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Bonum (dk), 
Buckingliam (km), Dula (dkm), Early 
Harvest (dkm), Gravenstein (dkm), 
Gano (m). Grimes (dm), Kinnard (dkm), 
Limbertwig (km), Maiden Blush (km), 
Oldenburg (km). Pine Stump (d). 
Rebel (dm). Red Astrachan (km), Red 
June (dm), Shockley (dm). Smokehouse 
(dkm). Summer Rambo (dk), Wealthy 
(dkm), Winesap (dkm), Yates (dm). 
Yellow Transparent (dkm). 



central section. 

Range of elevation, 1,000 to 1,600 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Bonum (dk), 
Buckingham (km), Dula (dkm). Early 
Harvest (dkm), Gravenstein (dkm), 
Gano (m). Grimes (dm). Hoover (k), 
Kinnard (dkm), Limbertwig (km), Mc- 
Afee (k). Maiden Blush (km), Missouri 
(km), Oldenburg (km), Pennock (m), 
Pine Stump (d). Rebel (dm). Red 
Astrachan (km). Red June (dm). Shock- 
ley (dm). Smokehouse (dkm). Summer 
Rambo (dk), Virginia Beauty (dm), 
Wealthy (dkm), Winesap (dkm). Win- 
ter Paradise (dnm). Yellow Transpar- 
ent (dkm), York Imperial (m) at higher 
points. 

Range of elevation, 1,500 to 2,000 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Bonum (dk), 
Buckingham (km), Cannon Pear- 
main (dkm) possibly, Dula (dkm), 
Early Harvest (dkm), Gravenstein 
(dkm), Gano (m). Grimes (dm). Hoover 
(k), Jonathan (dm), Limbertwig (km), 
Maiden Blush (km), Missouri (km) prob- 
ably, Oldenburg (km), Pennock (m), 
Rabun (dm). Red Astrachan (km), Vir- 
ginia Beauty (dm), Winesap (dkm), 
Yellow Newtown (dkm) on certain 
soils, Yellow Transparent (dkm), York 
Imperial (m). 

Range of elevation, 2,000 to 2,500 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Bonum (dk), 
Buckingham (km). Cannon Pearmain 
(dkm) probably. Early Harvest (dkm), 
Gano (m), Grimes (dm). Hoover (k), 
Jonathan (dm), Limbertwig (km), Maid- 
en Blush (dm), Missouri (km) proba- 
bly, Red Astrachan (km), Rome Beauty 
(dkm), Stayman Winesap (dkm), Vir- 
ginia Beauty (dm), Winesap (dkm), 
Yellow Newtown (dkm) on certain 
soils. Yellow Transparent (dkm), York 
Imperial (m). 



10207°— Bui. 135—11- 



66 



ORCHARD FRUITS IX VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



APPLES — continued. 



Piedmont Region — Continued. 



SOUTHERN SECTION. 

Range of elevation, 800 to 1,000 feet. 

Varieties: Ben DaAds (m) not a long keep- 
er here, Early Harvest (dkm), Gano (m), 
Kinnard (dkm), Limbertwig (km), Red 
Astrachan (km), Red June (dm). Shock- 
ley (dm), Terry (dm), Winesap (dkm), 
Yates (dm), Yellow Transparent (dkm). 



Blue Ridge Region — Continued. 
CENTRAL SECTION — Continued. 

Range of elevation, 2.500 to 3,000 feet. 

Varieties: Ben Davis (m), Buckingham 
(km), Early Harvest (dkm), Gano (m), 
Grimes (dm), Hoover (k), Jonathan 
(dm), Limbertwig (km), Maiden Blush 
(km), Missouri (km) probably, Rome 
Beauty (dkm) , Stayman Winesap (dkm), 
Virginia Beauty (dm) , Yellow Xewtown 
(dkm) on certain soils, Yellow Trans- 
parent (dkm), York Imperial (m). 

Range of elevation, 3,000 feet or more. 

Varieties: Early Harvest (dkm), Esopus 
(dm), Jonathan (dm), Limbertwig (km), 
Maiden Blush (km), Northern Spy 
(dkm) at highest points, Sta^rman "Wine- 
sap (dkm), Willow (m), Yellow Trans- 
parent (dkm), York Imperial (m). 

SOUTHERN SECTION. 

Range of elevation, 1,000 to 1.500 feet or 
more. 

Varieties: Ben Da^ds (m) not a long keep- 
er here, Buckingham (km) probably, 
Disharoon (d), Early Harv^est (dkm), 
Kinnard (dkm), Kittageskee (dk). Lim- 
bertwig (km), McAfee (k), Rabun (dm), 
Red Astrachan (km), Red June (dm), 
Shockley (dm), Terry (dm), Winesap 
(dkm), Yates (dm), Yellow Transparent 
(dkm). 



PEACHES. 



Piedmont Region. 

northern section. 

Range of elevation, 800 to 1,000 feet. 

V^arieties: Alexander (dm), Bishop (m), 
Champion (dm) probably, Connett (dm) 
probably, Crosby (dm). Early Craw- 
ford (dm), Elberta (km), George IV 
(dnm), Greensboro (m), Heath Cling 
(km), Late Crawford (dm). Mountain 
Rose (dm). Rivers (dm), Sneed (m). 

135 



Blue Ridge Region. 

northern section. 

Range of elevation, 1,000 to 1,500 feet. 

Varieties : Albright (dm) , Alexander (dm) , 
Arkansas Traveler (dm), Bilyeu (km), 
Bishop (m). Carman (m), Champion 
(dm), Chinese Cling (km), Connett (m), 
Crosb}^ (dm), Early Crawford (dm), El- 
berta (km), Greensboro (m), Heath 
Cling (km). Mountain Rose (dm). Par- 
son Early (dm), Picquet (d), Sal way 
(m), Smock (m). 



ADAPTABILITY TO VAKIOUS ALTITUDES, ETC. 



PEACHES — continued. 



Piedmont Region — Continued. 



CENTRAL SECTION. 

Range of elevation, 800 to 1,000 feet. 

Varieties: Chinese Cling (km), Connett 
(m) probably, Early Crawford (dm) 
probably, Elberta (km), Greensboro 
(m), Heath Cling (km), Late Crawford 
(dm), Mountain Rose (dm). 



SOUTHERN SECTION. 

Range of elevation, 800 to 1,000 feet. 

Varieties: Alexander (dm), Belle (dm). 
Carman (dm), Connett (m), Eaton (dm), 
Elberta (km). Heath Cling (km), 
Greensboro (m), Rivers (dm), Sneed 
(m), Triumph (dm). 
135 



Blue Ridge Region — Continued, 

NORTHERN SECTION — Continued- 

Range of elevation, 1,500 to 2,000 feet. 

Varieties: Alexander (dm), Bilyeu (km)^ 
Champion (dm) probably, Connett (m)^ 
Elberta (km), Greensboro (m), Salway 
(m). 

Range of elevation, 2,000 to 2,500 feet. 

Varieties : Alexander (dm) , Amsden (dm) ^ 
Champion (dm) probably, Bilyeu (km), 
Elberta (km). Smock (m). Doubtless 
many other varieties would do well in 
this section, though comparatively few 
sorts are now being cultivated commer- 
cially. 

CENTRAL SECTION. 

Range of elevation, 1,000 to 1,500 feet. 

Varieties: Bishop (m) possibly, Chinese 
Cling (km), Connett (m) probably. 
Early Crawford (dm), Elberta (km), 
Greensboro (m). Heath Cling (km). 
Mountain Rose (dm). Rivers (dm). 

Range of elevation, 1,500 to 2,000 feet. 

Varieties: Beatrice (dm), Bilyeu (km),, 
Chinese Cling (km), Connett (m) prob- 
ably, Early Crawford (dm), Elberta 
(km), Globe (dm), Greensboro (m), 
Heath Cling (km), Rivers (dm), Salway 
(m). Triumph (dm), Wonderful (dm). 

Range of elevation, 2,000 to 2,500 feet. 

Varieties: Beatrice (dm), Bilyeu (km)^ 
Elberta (km), Greensboro (m), Smock 
(m). Doubtless many other varieties 
would do well in this section, though 
comparatively few sorts are being cul- 
tivated commercially. 

SOUTHERN SECTION. 

Range of elevation, 1,000 to 1,500 feet, ' 

Varieties: Belle (dm). Carman (dm), Chi- 
nese Cling (km) at some points, Oonnett 
(m) probably, Early Crawford (dju), 
Elberta (km), Greensboro (m). 



68 



OKCHAED FEUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



PHENOLOGICAL RECORDS. 

An extended discussion of phenology is not considered necessary 
in the present connection. A concise statement describing its 
practical application to fruit growing mil suffice. It should be 
explained, however, that phenology is, as defined by Bailey,® the 
science which considers the relationship of local climates to the 
periodicity of the annual phenomena of living things." Primarily, 
it has for its object the study of climate in terms of organic life. 
This, at least, is the viewpoint of the climatologist. He observes 
organic life that he may have a more intimate knowledge of climatic 
conditions as they are expressed thereby. While the one studying 
organic life may observe the same phenomena, he seeks to express 
the behavior of that life in terms of the climatic influences under 
which it develops and to determine the relationship of them. 

The practical application of phenology to fruit-growing interests 
is in the study of the influence upon varieties of the varying climatic 
conditions which prevail from season to season. It is important to 
know the blossoming period of a variety in relation to the probable 
time of occurrence of spring frosts ; also the date of maturity and the 
occurrence of fall frosts. In the case of quickly perishable fruits, 
the exact period of ripening is a most essential consideration, in 
order that such a selection of varieties can be made that the marketing 
of each one will occur in a desirable sequence. There are other factors 
of interest, but perhaps of lesser practical importance. The field of 
purely scientific application is a large one, but it will not be con- 
sidered here. 

The following records are a compilation of the observations made 
on some of the more important varieties by a large number of fruit 
growers, under the direction of this office, in the States directly con- 
cerned in the foregoing discussions. No exhaustive deductions and 
correlations are advisable at this time, but the records are of value 
as a means of presenting certain varietal information which could 
not well be expressed in any other manner. While the seasons over 
which the records extend have been peculiar in some ways, and it is 
to be regretted that these records do not show more in detail the 
climatic conditions which have prevailed, yet it is believed that, 
aside from all scientific value which they possess, they will prove 
to be an important source of reference in selecting varieties which 
blossom at such times that they will be most likely to escape injurious 
frosts and to ripen at desirable periods. The importance of elevation 
and the influence of latitude are also emphasized in many instances. 
When considering the matter of cross-pollination to increase fruitful- 
ness, it is important to know what varieties blossom at the same time. 



135 



a Survival of the Unlike, p. 288. 



PHENOLOGICAL RECORDS. 



69 



From the following lists such varieties can be readily selected. In 
each case the general conditions which are given, under which the 
observations have been made, will assist the reader in making the 
necessary correlations in formulating his deductions. For instance, 
if a variety of plum at 200 feet elevation blossoms on a certain date 
and another variety at 1,000 feet elevation blossoms on the same 
date, it would not be safe to conclude that they would be suitable 
for cross-pollination, since when grown at the same altitude, other 
things being equal, it is doubtful if they would blossom in the same 
sequence. Other factors require similar consideration in interpreting 
the records. 

The following list of observers, with their locations, indicates the 
points at which observations have been made, and due credit is 
given for the assistance thus rendered. The column at the left of 
the page, marked ''Observer's number," contains the number by 
which each observer is referred to in the tabulation of phenological 
data on later pages. 

In the following tabulation the varieties are arranged alphabetically; 
under each variety the locations at which the observations were made 
are arranged geographical^, according to the latitude, the first entry 
under each variety being the southernmost point at which observa- 
tions were recorded. 

The numbers in the column marked ''Observer's number," at the 
left of the page, correspond with the numbers in the similar column 
under "List of observers." By referring to this list, the place at 
which each record was made and the name of the observer can be 
readily determined. 

In many instances the duration of the varieties has been reported 
in general terms ; hence, it has been necessary in compiling the data 
to assume some specific date as the limit of durability. Therefore 
the dates appearing under the heading "Keeps until — '* should be 
understood to indicate the durability of the varieties only approxi- 
mately, but as this quality is so influenced by conditions external 
to the fruit itself, a liberal interpretation is necessary in any case. 

135 



70 OECHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 

List of observers who have furnished the phenological data included in this bulletin. 



state. 



County. 



Post-office. 



Grower. 



Virginia. 

do.., 

do.., 

do... 



do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

North Carolina.. . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

South Carolina. . . 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Georgia 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

do 



Albemarle 

do 

Amherst 

Bedford 

do 

....do 

do 

do 

do 

do 

Botetourt 

Elizabeth City.. 

Fairfax 

Fauquier 

Gloucester 

Greene 

King George 

Loudoun 

Montgomery. . . 

do 

Nelson 

do 

do 

do 

Nottaway 

Prince William. 

Richmond 

Roanoke 

Rockingham . . . 

Shenandoah 

Buncombe 

do 

Caldwell 

Cumberland 

Haywood 

do 

Henderson 

do 

do 

New Hanover. . 

Polk 

Watauga 

do 

Akin 

....do 

Oconee 

do 

Pickens 

....do 

Richland 

York 

Bartow 

Cobb 

Elbert 

Floyd 

do 

Franklin 

Gilmer 

Habersham 

Irwin 

Jackson 

Sumter 

Wilcox 



Cismont 

Crozet 

Amherst 

Bodycamp 

Bedford City 

do 

Colemans Falls . . 

Lisbon 

Penicks, R. F. D. 

Stewartsville 

Troutville 

Hampton 

Pender 

MorrisviUe 

Roanes 

Wetsels 

Comorn 

Purcellville 

Blacksburg 

Christiansburg. . . 

Avon 

Massies Mill 

Nellys Ford 

Oak Ridge 

Jennings 

Manassas 

Warsaw 

Vinton 

Dayton 

Strasburg 

Asheville 

Candler 

Lenoir 

Fayetteville 

Waynes ville 

do 

Bear Wallow 

Fletcher 

Horseshoe 

Wilmington 

Tryon 

Boone 

Sands 

Akin 

Whitepond 

Seneca 

Clem son College. . 

Liberty 

Easley 

Columbia 

Rock Hill 

Adairsville 

Atlanta a 

Middleton 

Rome 

do 



Lavonia , 

Ellijay 

Cornelia 

Tifton a 

Marcus 

Americus 

Fitzgerald a. . . 



J. E. Smith. 
Walter Whately. 
T. J. Cunningham. 
J. F. Deboe. 
J. D. Keeler. 
J. D. Lowry. 
W. H. Taylor. 
T. J. Holdren. 
M. L. Hatcher. 
R. L. Dearing. 
C. E. La5^nan. 
Hampton Institute. 
E. B. Whaley. 
J. A. McLaughlin. 
T. J. Meredith. 
Jos. Westel. 
T. T. Arnold. 
A. B. Davis. 
H. L. Price. 
J. C. Carmody. 
W. B. MacGregor. 
Withers Massie. 
R. L. Hughes. 
J. E. Purvis. 
E. W. Rogers. 
J. B. Johnson. 
C. H. Constable. 
E. L. Wright. 
W. J. Cowger. 
G. A. Copp. 
J. C. Cowan. 
T. P. Gaston. 
J. A. Dula. 
J. S. Breece. 
John Farrior. 
G. D. Greene. 
C. Gates. 
J. F. Livingston. 
Mark Moore. 
J. D. Woody. 
W. T. Lindsey. 
J. L. Kincaid. 
C. G. Hodges. 
W. Turnbull. 

0. L. Weeks. 

G. W. Giguilliat. 
C. C. Ne\\^nan. 
J. T. Boggs. 

E. E. Ferry. 
L. B. Folk. 

H. B. Buist. 
G. W. Boyd. 
R. E. Watson. 
E. B. Heard. 
J. C. Logan. 

G. H. Miller. 

T. W. Dennington. 

H. M. Ellington. 

1. C. Wade. 

N. B. Eastman. 
J. G. Justice. 
C. T. Broadfield. 
J as. Simpson. 



a Post-office not in same county as orchard in which observations were made. 



PHENOLOGICAL KECORDS. 



*(Sm5[0id ^sjg) 



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spnq JB9I e^'Bd 



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72 ORCHAED FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



•niooTq :^ sag 9^^130: 



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Oct. 25 
Nov. 14 




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Oct. 15 




Oct. 5 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 11 
Oct 27 
Oct. 17 
Sept. 10 


m 


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Sept. 23 
Sept. 20 


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Oct. 15 
Oct. 20 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 20 

....do... 

....do... 
Oct. 25 
Oct. 10 
Nov. 12 


i initio 


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....do ... 
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Mar. 16 
Mar. 19 
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Apr. 23 


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Apr. 20 
May 1 
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^ 



135 



PHENOLOGICAL KECORDS. 



73 



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135 



3 :^ 

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iii 



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Oct. 15 

do... 

Oct. 5 


Oct. 10 
....do... 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 11 
Oct. 27 
Oct. 17 
Sept. 10 


a is 1- is 

1-5 .^H5r-5 .1- 


I July 10 

July 18 
July 25 
Aug. 15 


. . . 

: : ;2 

iiii' 


July 1 
July 5 




July 30 


July 7 

July 26 
July 30 
July 15 


July 1 
July 5 


. . 

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ii 


Apr. 27 
Miiv. 20 
Mar. 22 


mm iiiiiiii 


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Mar. 21 
Apr. 14 
Mar. 10 


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Apr. 9 
Feb. 27 




Apr. 20 
Apr. 12 
May 5 
Apr. 28 

Apr. 13 
Apr. 24 


IllllHllli 




iiiilliliiiiiliiiiii 


Sandy loam 


Cecil clay 

do 

do 

Sandy loam 


do 

do 

Clay loam 


Sandy loam 


> . > . 

Hii 


i 




isiiisiisiiiiiisi"-! 




i 


South Carolina 

do 

do 




. . . . 

■ ■ ■ ■ 


. . . . 

• • 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



p Old 



spnq nva 



moon ^sx^n'Ba 



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in fx o J d'dy 



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> : : : : 



PHENOLOGICAL KECOEDS. 



75 



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135 



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ORCHARD 



FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



-Ticrnn sdeaa 


Dec, 
Aug. 

Sept. 

Aug. 




Sept. U 


Oct. 15 

Oct. 22 
Oct. 18 
Sept. 23 


pa^ioid a^Ba 




Sept. 25 
Aug. 1 
Aug. 15 

Aug. 1 


01 mSaq spnq 


• 


,luiie 27 
•'lily — 
Aug. 25 
July 28 
July 17 
June 10 


•uado 05. uigaq 
spnq JB8I 8:^Ba 


Apr. 10 
Apr. (3 
Apr. 22 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 13 
Mar. 20 
Apr. 9 
Mar. 28 


§uuds %sie\ a^Ba 


Apr. 18 
Apr. 5 
May 16 
Ai)r. 8 
Apr. 15 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 23 
Apr. 5 


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May 3 
Apr. 27 
May 13 
Apr. 24 
Apr. 26 
Apr. 12 
May 5 
Apr. 20 


•raooiq isjgaiBa 


Apr. 27 
Apr. 15 
May 8 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 24 
Apr. 7 
May 2 
Apr. 9 


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Apr. 16 
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Apr. 22 
Apr. 6 
May 2 


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Apr. 5 
May 16 
May 7 
Apr. 6 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 14 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 20 





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PHENOLOGICAL RECORDS. 



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mi 

mm 



135 



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Oct. 17 
Oct. 22 
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Sept. 23 
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Sept. 30 
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Oct. 26 






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May 15 
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Apr. 25 

May 12 


May ZD 
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May 20 
May 25 
May 4 
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May 10 
Apr. 28 




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May 3 
May 2 
May 13 


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Apr. 19 

May 7 


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Apr. 30 
Apr. 27 

May 8 




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77 



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Dec. - 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 14 
Oct. 15 


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June 25 
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July 10 
July 1 


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Aug. 12 
July 26 
June 25 


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Mar. 27 
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Mar. 19 
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Mar. 22 
1 Mar. 27 


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1,400 
10 
850 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
2,100 
2,100 
2,100 
2,200 
2,200 
3,000 
5 
5 






South Carolina 

do 

do 

do 




. . 


Virginia 

do 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



p8 3i"oid 



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o:^ niSeq spnq 



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PHENOLOGICAL EECOEDS. 



79 



Nov. 27 


Dec. — 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 14 


if 


JJBC. — 

Oct. 15 
Oct. 24 
Oct. 5 
Sept. 14 

do... 

Oct. 15 




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Nov. 12 








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Aug. 20 
July 25 




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135 



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Oct. 22 
Oct. 18 
Sept. 23 
Sept. 18 
Oct 15 
Oct. 3 
Oct. 1 


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Aug. 20 


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Oct. 10 
Oct. 21 
Oct. 
Oct . 5 




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July 30 
July 24 
July 27 


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Apr 24 
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Apr. 4 
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May 15 



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Sept. 30 



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80 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



— ji^jim 8(3993: 


Apr. 
Feb. 

Do. 

Do. 
Jan. 
Mar, 
Feb. 
Jan. 
May, 








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Sept. 10 

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June 30 
July 31 
July 30 
July 26 
July 30 
July 18 


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June 20 

June 24 

July 15 
July 20 
July 10 

July - 


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Apr. 1 
Apr. 28 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 15 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 25 
Apr. 22 
Apr. 28 




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135 



PHENOLOGICAL RECORDS. 



81 



iiM trim 


Oct. 15 
Oct. 20 
Apr. 17 


Oct. 18 
Sept. 23 
Oct. 25 
Sept. 18 


• 


Oct. 1 
Sept. 26 
Sept. 15 
Oct. 18 
Sept. 25 
Sept. 30 


■ 1^ .... 


Aug. 5 
Aug. 4 
June 30 

June 15 
June 10 
....do... 


Apr. 10 
Apr. 25 
Apr. 20 
Mar. 25 
Apr. 30 
Apr. 18 


Mar. 27 
Apr. 9 
Apr. 18 

Apr. 17 
Mar. 30 
Apr. 27 


Apr. 15 
Apr. 5 
....do... 
Apr. 7 
May 3 
Apr. 14 
Apr. 8 


Apr. 5 
Apr. 22 
Apr. 5 
May 30 
Apr. 14 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 20 


Apr. 26 
Apr. 15 
Apr. 18 
...'do... 
Apr. 13 
Apr. 23 
Apr. 30 
Apr. 22 

Anr 97 


Apr, 14 
May 6 
Apr. 15 

Apr. 29 
Apr. 22 
May 9 
Apr. 23 


Apr. 24 
Apr. 4 
Apr. 5 
...do... 
Apr. 4 
Apr. 18 
Apr. 26 
Apr. 12 


Apr, 7 
May 1 
Apr. 10 

Apr. 24 
Apr. 10 

May 3 
Apr. 17 






Porous clay 

Clay loam 

Sandy loam 

do 

Clav loam 


do 

do 

Sandy loam 

Clay loam 

Sandy loam 

do 

do 

Clay loam 




minimi 


iiiiiiiiiiiRiiiii 















Dec. 
Mar. 

June 
May. 








is : 


Oct. 
Oct. 
Sept. 






is; 




. 




^2 : 




Oct. 
Sept. 
Sept. 
....do 
Sept. 




Oct. 
Oct. 


Sept. 
Sept. 










mi 




1-5 , ,1- 


Ml 








:2^2 




Mar. 
Mar. 
Apr. 
Mar. 




Apr. 
Apr. 


Apr. 
Mar. 
Apr. 










lllll 




Apr. 

Apr. 
Anr. 


Apr. 
Apr. 
Apr. 












mil 




May 
Apr.. 
Apr.' 


III 






^2 :^ 




mil 


o 


May 
Apr. 
....do 
Anr. 


III 


^^^^ 


:^ 






iliii 








\i 


YELLOW 


Porous clay 

Cecil clay 


ill 


m 




111 








1,000 
400 
400 
400 

1,000 




4,500 
1,200 
1,500 
1,000 
800 
1,100 
1,000 
















i 




do 

do 


: : ; 


00 Tji TH 


8 







10207°— Bul. 135—11- 



82 



ORCHARD FRUITS Ils^ VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



'3-SOij 



n \ ill mi 



I ^ 



• (Sni3[oid isi-g.) 



^^^^^^ 



I 1 IS 

mi 



•injoj 

0^ uiSaq spnq 
\T3mVCLLQ% ajBCT 



It 



ftti 



•uado oq. ni2aq 
spnq j-eai 9:^'Ba 



mil 



•^.SOJJ 



illll 



•mooiq \\rq di'ecL 



HI 



lilliiiiil 



III 



Q9i% JO egy 



iiiliililiiiillilllil 



if 



i! 




^1 



•adois 



U O I :^ B A 9 I a 



liiiiiiiS§giiiiiiiilg 



•apti'^'BT 
• ^■Braixoaadv 



^ ^ ^ ;^ ^ ^ 5? 5? ^ ^ 



fc 



135 



PflENOLOGICAL PtECOKDS. 



83 



d d 


1 1 mfHiil 


slllllllllllll il 


M 


Sept. 7 
Oct. 15 


Oct. 22 
Oct. 18 
Sept. 23 
Oct. 25 


lllllfelllllll II 


H Ifeiisiiiifil 


Sept, 1 
Aug. 22 
July 29 

June 15 


*-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 h-5 . . 


July - 
June 15 




Aug. 20 
Aug. 4 
July 29 
July 1 

Tnna ICC 

J une iO 
June 10 
....do.... 


Mar. 31 
Mar. 18 
Mar. 21 
Apr. 25 
May 10 


Apr. 4 
Mar. 25 
Apr. 22 

May 4 
Apr. 27 
Apr. 4 
Apr. 20 






^111 III i 


Apr. 15 
Apr. 5 
Apr 23 
Apr. 5 
Apr. i'l 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 20 


Apr. 24 
Apr 10 
Apr. 15 1 
May 10 
May 5 


iilillillll lili iilliiiili 


Apr. 12 
Apr. 1 

May 1 
Apr. 30 


illiillllllliii iililiiili 





mmmmmmrmmimmmimm 




IS 



I 



fir 



tc m cQ 2; 02 ^ S M ^ 02 M ^ m !^ iz; M M ^ ^ ^ iz; ^ M g iz; 



iiiiiiiiiiiriisiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 

„-„'„-o^^'<N^'<M'fO-'=r-Vco of '(rfr^'r-r r^^,^ ^-^^r-P 



066666666 



135 



OKCHAED FKUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



■(Sni3[0id 



•uedo uigaq 
spnq B%va 



Tinj 3%^a 



2 



3 



IHI 



II 



lllllllllll 



•(laaj) 
u o ! 1 A a I a 



iiiiiiilBi 



.11 

lit 



s|!s-j|": 



aiBofix'oiddv 




Hi 



III! 



11 



nil 



III! 



iiii 






Oct. 
Oct. 


1 




Nov. 14 

"Oct." is' 
Sept. 14 
Oct. 15 


m 




Sept. 10 
Sept. 15 






^ : ; 

m 


. . . , 




Mar. 19 
Apr. 10 
Apr. 18 
Apr. 7 
Apr. 24 

Apr. 18 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 25 




Mar. 16 
Apr. 6 
Apr. 11 
Apr. 5 
May 16 

Apr. 6 


Slllllllll 


llllllllll 








1 
I 


Cecil clay 

Porous loam 

do 

Limestone clay 


uiay loam 

do 



- — , . . ■. 



135 



PHENOLOGICAL RECORDS. 



85 



it 

:^ 

li 
ii 



11 



II 



3S 



II 



II 



II 



II 



II 



ll 



ii 



mm 



11 



I III III 



la 



1 

Nov. 14 


1 Nov. - 
Oct. 25 
Nov. 14 
Oct. 16 

do 
Oct. 27 
Oct. 17 
Sept. 14 
Oct. 15 


Sept. 7 
Oct. 22 
Oct. 18 
Sept. 23 
Oct. 25 


Oct. 15 


Oct. 15 
Nov. 12 
Aug. 20 
Oct. 1 


iiMi 




M|t it III 

1 .<5l-5 .1-5 .1-5 . 


July 1 

Aug. 27 
Aug. 11 
July 23 
July 2 


iiliiiiiiiii 


Apr. 5 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 7 

Apr. 28 


Feb. 17 


Apr. 4 
Mar. 10 
Mar. 16 

Apr. 1 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 5 
Mav 16 




iii'iililililiiiii^^^ 


iiiliiliilliiiliiii 




mmmmmmmmim 


Sandy loam 


Cecil clay 

do 

Clay loam 

Sandy loam 

do 

Lime.stone clay 

do 


do 

do 

Clay loam 

do 

do 

Sandy loam..... 




iiiiiiii""°g§iiiiiii 




Georgia 

do._ 


South Carohna 

do 

do 

do 

North Carolina 

do 

do 


j j j j j j j 

3 13 



86 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



•3.SOJJ 



•(3ni5[0Td ;^sjg) 



•uuoj 
o:^ uiSaq spnq 



•nado 0^ uiSaq 
spnq j'BQi a:^'BC[ 



•taooiq nnj e^'BCI 



89J^ JO 9Sv 



•JB9A 



•adoTS 



•(!^99J) 
U O I ^ 'B A 9 T a 



•gpnq.i^^'BT 
9^'Bniix6jddv 



II 



i 



2?^ 



III 



22 



II 



I 



MM 



ilii 



im 



iiiiiiiii 



ii 



ii^iiHiiliil 



lillilillHii 



122' 



1111111111111 



I 



g||g-»S2||88| 
T-pr-r ,-r 




8,jeAJ9SqO I l-0'*^fOr-l,-Hr-lrHNT-l,-H,H(N 



135 



O I 



2J5^2 



life i ifelll 



li 



?5'"2 

li 



S2^ 



lit 



liiliililiil 




i 



ii-ggiiiiiii 



PHENOLOGICAL EECORDS. 



87 



1 



•mooiq :^SJg^^^a 



epnq jB9t 



a 



nnj B%va 



9QJL^ JO 8gv 



u o I a B A 8 T a 



eq.'Buiixojdd. V 



llll ill III! I "If" f f 1 1 



It! 



I 



sag 

III 



liiiiiililiiilililliiiiiillil 



,c.o< 



lliiliilililillliiiiiiiliiilii 



I 



I 



il 



II 



il 



i 



02 



iiiii=2Sii§§iisssiiiiiiiiiis§i 



135 



88 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



'3m 



•Sm 

•j[Oid ^sjg Qq.'Ba 



•rajoj 
0% mS9q spnq 



•raooiq iinj Q%^a 



•raooiq isi^QiVij 



til JO eSy 



•adois 



•(^99}) 

n o 1 ^ 1? A 3 1 a 



•joquinu 
s.ieAaasqo 



O O o 



(D ff) 
fl O Pi 

E a D 

^-^ -5 1-5 



533 



o3 o3 p< p< 



. O . . 



CO C^l 

S o s s 



a5H 



oooo< 

C O <M C 
O O .-1 C 

t-H Oi 



:0 03 

1 :l5 



C O O o o o 

;^;z;:2;ooo 



-t^ O, 

OOCQ 



^-1 >^ 
Qi Q4 



^^ t, ^1 ;h f-l 



t4 ^ M t-i 

o3 o3 o3 o3 Pi oj Qj 



CO (M fO IC 00 1 



(N (M CO (M 

o c o o o o o 

O 05 O 05 C3 05 



t>~. 3 o o 

rC O — 



o ce 

III 



0000000 
O lO o o o o o 
lO 00 O O 00 o 



rt< TTl -tl lO 00 
CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 





! o3 






'.9 





















ri o o oja n o 

\~i n~t tr^ rr^ j_i 17-1 



■ 0.2 



4i >4i 

o o o 

o:z;o 



3'B 



1-1 (M 



o5 c3 p,p^ 



<N CO tH 

;h ^ 

g3 c3 <^ CL 



o3 c3 cj Ph 



t>>o o o 



BBSS 

«0 O O 05 





















> 




< 


















bi 


3 
















1 

>> 




3 










rH 






<M IN 


U 








<< 






O5 00 










u 




cS p, 






a: 




(N rH 




u 


















0= P< 






(M 






1 






B 

a: 


> 










l>.3 


n3 


















SS 








. in 








° coco 


a. 






a 










a; 

























135 



PHENOLOGICAL KECORDS. 



89 



II llllllf 



l1 



It 



^1 



3 :S :^§5^3c^ 
I 



I 



I 



II m liiiiil 



lllllllllitt 



iiiiiiiilliii 



00 lO Old 



iiiiiiiliiiili 



II ::lt.... 



02 OQ 



liiisiiiiifiii 



iiiliiiif 



135 



III III 



III 



III 



III 



ill 



ill 



ill 



ill 



Ill \m 



lill^iil 



llllll 



iiiiiili 



Cecil clay... 

do 

do 

Light clay.. 

Red clay... 
do 

do 




Clay loam. . 

Sandy loam 
do 

Cecil clay... 
do 






NW. 
SW. 

sw. 

N. & W. 
N. & W. 


1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,200 
1,100 
400 
400 
400 




2,850 
5 
5 

1,000 
1,000 






- ^°'='^^ 









III! 



I 



i 



I 



llll 



lllll 



Hill 



lllll 



90 



ORCHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



IIBj q.sjg Qi'^CL 


Nov. 28 
Nov. 20 
Nov. 10 
Oct. 24 
Oct. 16 

Nov. 2 
Dec. 

Oct. 15 

Do. 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 16 
Oct. 14 
Oct. 15 

Do. 

Do. 
Oct. 27 
Oct. 17 

Oct. 30 

Sept. 7 
Oct. 17 
Oct. 18 
Oct. 25 


•3m 


July 28 
July 3 
July 10 
July 20 
July 24 

July 30 
Aug. 23 


Aug. 12 


ii 


^SS :^SS : 

III mfm i 


Aug. 16 
Aug. 5 


•Sm 


July 10 
June 30 

July 5 
July 7 

July 12 


i 


ill 


is 

il 


iiiimf 


Aug. 1 
Aug. 5 




•or JO J 
0:^ niSaq spnq 


May 20 

'July "'8 " 
June 20 




July 10 


July 14 
July 25 
July 10 
June 20 
Aug. 15 
June 25 
July 1 
Aug. 4 
July 24 
Aug. 2 
July - 






July 29 


•uado o^ niSaq 
spnq 


Mar. 11 
Mar. 28 
Apr. 1 




ii 


•CO 


;g ; 




II ill 


•ISOJJ 

Snuds 'i.s'ei a^BQ; 


lllll 


: j 




Apr. 6 
May 3 
Apr. 5 
....do... 
Apr. 14 



■uiooiq nnj 9i.B(i 



Isir lllillllllill ilillHlliil 



•niooiq ^siga^BQ 



•(SJB9i£) 

aej; JO egy 



l.o■<^'lOl©t^oofoc;a^-oooooolOco^-oO'Ot^(^^t-oolOlOo^>JOco 



iliiiiiiiiiiliiiliiiliiiiiiiii 



.§5 



ipJi 
III! 



I 



111! 



il 



•adois 



n o I :^ B A 8 I a 



•apn;i')'Bt 
(^.'Buijxo.iddy 



?2 ^ ?S ?S ;S ^ J? J^? J8 J? s^? iJ? ^ ^ 5^? ^ 5^; 5^5 ^ J5 ^ ?8 ?§ 



i 



135 



PHENOLOGICAL RECOKDS. 91 



iiiiiiiiii III III! rii I I iiii 









■. . . 

? :S2 : : 

?i|tM 


Aug. 30 
Aug. 15 

Sept. 1 

Aug. 26 
Sept. 11 
Aug. 16 
Aug. 25 


IIII 


1-5 t-5 1-5 1-5 h-5 . . t-5 1-5 1-3 1-5 H 


5 <i H5 <; 1-3 1-5 ;t-5-^ ;^-5l- 


Aug. 6 
Aug. 25 
July 5 


•2;:! :2 i^g^'^S 

liilililll 


m I 


ill 


... 

mm 




... 

• ■ |l-5 .I-5H 


, , . , 

S2 : : : : 

^illii 


: 1 : 

;l-5 ; 




Aug. 27 
Aug. 15 
July 15 




Mar. 13 
Mar. 10 
Mar. 1 
Mar. 5 


Mar. 23 
Mar. 20 


i il ni III 

• • • 


■III iliillill l|i 


mm 


Apr. 22 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 7 
Apr. 10 
Apr. 11 

Apr. 10 


....do... 
Apr. 16 


Mar. 11 
Feb. 12 
Feb. 13 
Mar. 19 
Feb. 17 
Feb. 27 
Feb. 17 


Il illlill 


Apr. 12 
Apr. 11 
Mar. 21 

Mar. 20 
Mar. 10 
Apr. 26 

Mar. 19 

Apr. 18 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 21 


Apr. 20 

Apr. 5 
Apr. 22 
Apr. 8 
Apr. 3 
Mar. 18 


Apr. 15 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 23 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 14 


Mar. 10 
Mar. 12 
Mar. 2 
Mar. 16 
Mar. 15 
Mar. 18 
Mar. 15 


iliiiiiiiiiiiiiiilililliiiiiillia^^ 


Mar. 3 
Mar. 5 
Feb. 26 
Mar. 3 
....do... 
Mar. 14 
Mar. 7 


liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiii 


Apr. 19 
Apr. 1 
Mar. 31 
Apr. 12 


2 

liiil 




! TJH Ttl 10 « (N 


1111111111111111111111111111111111111^^ 


iliiiii 


1 
1 


4 




lit 


do 

do 

do 

Clay loam 

Sandy loam 

Clay loam 

Sandy loam 


Sandy loam 

do 

Cecil clay 

Porous clay 

Cecil clay 

do 

do 

do 





do 

do 

Porous clay 

Cecil clay 


Porous clay 

Cecil clay 


1 


, , . 


il 


HHW ^ ^ ^ 




iiiiliiliiiiiS§S8|i||||||SSSS8|--||8||8iSS8S8|| 




1 


. 




do 

do 


do 

do 

do 

Georgia 

South Carolina 

North Carolina 


do 1 

do 

South Carolina 

do 

do 

do 

do 











ii 


3 t3 t3 


ii 



92 



ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



■Sm 



•gut 



•nijoj 

05. nrSaq spnq 



•nedo oq. niSaq 
spnq j-Bai Q%'S(j 



guilds i^s'Bi 8:^'Ba 



•niooiq nnj o^'Bd 



•nrooiqi^sig 3:^130: 



•adois 



t^'Biuixoaddy 



•jaqiunu 
jaAjesqo 



si 



§ S o 

o 



20 

■bird o 
■ 

«u o ■ 



135 



oooo oog- 



§§tt 



>;>bo : >> 



»2 52 



>>tiCtiC>? 



) LO 10 CO 



fH 1-4 ;h M 



(M i-< (N <M T-i CO (M 

U fH »h' ^h' U u ;h' fH tn' 

ftft^ ftft^ P4P4» ft 



rfOTH(NiO^DiOCO'^> 



(N(NCO-*i(MCO(N(MCO-^ 
05 O 05 O 05 O 05 



73 O DTI O O 
03 ■ O O) 



JOOpOOQO 
> O O Q O O O O 

) O O O TP TJI TJ1 



° CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ! 



d o o o o o 

•rlT3 T3 '0 13 



+j ^ +5 4j +j +S ■+j 

o 00000 



03 03 



o :o 



COrHCftOOOOOOJCCO 
"^^ ■ i-t (M (M 



P<^^ P(P(^ Ph ft ft ft 



(M COr-i»-H , CM T-H i-H (N 

o . . . . 

« ft^ ft ft ■ ft ft ft^ 



53 ^3 ^3 '-I ^ ^ ^,73 (H f-1 
« « « ftftftft • ftcS 



•*Oqt^-*<:o»OOiOOO 



ds . . 



; do g 
03 « o 



00 CO CO < 



( T-H CO CO (N CM 1 



000 



J^rldOOdOOOO 



I l-( rH I-H 'XI < 



PHEFOLOGICAL RECOEDS. 



llll III 



^2 

i 



11 



ii 







I ^11 illl 



illHIIII 





135 



III Ii 



it 



I 



I 



III 



lii 



^ :2 

lit 



II 



llll 



lllllll 



>2?3 



iiiiiii 



ill 
iflit 



'iilii 



^^^^^^ 



Nov. 27 
Oct. 10 
Oct. 15 
Oct. 30 

Do. 

Sept. 7 

Oct. 17 

Oct. 25 
Sept. 18 


Aug. 27 
Sept. 10 

Sept. 1 




: : 

am 


Aug. 25 

Aug. 5 
Aug. 15 
Aug. 10 


July 30 
July 20 




Apr. 16 
Mar. 25 
Mar. 28 

Apr. 25 


Apr. 20 

do... 

Apr. 7 
Apr. 10 

Apr. 18 


Illlll 


Apr. 6 
May 3 
Mar. 18 
Apr. 5 
May 30 
Apr. 14 


Apr. 5 
Apr. 7 
Mar. 24 
Mar. 30 
Apr. 16 
Apr. 18 
Anr. 1 


Apr. 23 
Apr. 12 

do... 

Mar. 28 

Apr. 20 


iiii:%^^itiiii 




1111111111111 


do 

do 

do 


do 

Sandy 

Sandy loam 

Sandy 

Porous loam 


! . .^^ p^^H 


Iiiiiiiii2iii 




South Carolina 

North Carohna 

do 

Virginia 

.....do 

do 

do 







OECHAED FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 





(Nt-I<N.-( (NIM tHCNtHCC I !N 

^ ^ 4^ 4^ 4^ 4^ ^ 

;z;;zi:z;oo Zo oooooo 


•3m 




OiO 05 o • 

(N (M <M (M • 

i-n 1-5 ^ >-5 • 


July 22 
July 20 


lit 

-5 •>-> 


'3m 




liliilll 

1-5 t-5 t-5 t-5 1-5 • 


•2^ : 

. 1-51-5 . 


July 4 


0% uiSaq spnq 


July 28 


■I?I-5H5 . 


' 05 • 

III 


July 8 
Aug. 12 




•uddo 01 nrSeq 
spnq i^ai ei^a 


Mar. 16 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 3 


• • 


ill 


M 


III 









mm \imfm 



•inooiq 



liiiiiiiiiiilili 



llllllllllllllll 



iiiiiliiilliiiii 



iNNiiil 



f4 



I J ■BUI ?x 01 ddy 



i i i i 



s,j9AJasqo 



III III! 



Miiim 



in 



III 



ill 



It 



I 



lliHIIII 



Illllllll 



iiiim 



mimmm 



siiiiiiii 



^^^^^^^^^ 



185 



PHENOLOGICAL RECORDS. 



95 



Nov. 27 
Nov. 14 
Oct. 17 

Do. 
Oct. 25 


Sept. 10 


is 

'■t 
;l 


Ii 


• CO 

ii 

• 


ill 




ill 


Apr. 20 
Apr. 12 


Mar. 21 
Apr. 20 
Apr. 20 
May 3 
Apr. 5 


Apr. 3 
Apr. 9 
Apr. 12 
Apr. 11 
Mar. 28 


Mar. 27 
Apr. 1 
Apr. 5 
Apr. 8 
Mar. 23 


1902 

1904 .... 
1904 8 

1902 7 

1903 10 


Clay loam 

Black loam 


ii 


h 








South Carolina 

North Carolina 


Ai 





mfH Ii li 



II ii 



til 



3 ;^ 

I ill it 



iii 



m 



lillHI 



llllllll 



322 

lit 



=^S2 

III 



S2^2 

nil 



S ;g-2 :S2-^g22^ 

I'lll ^lllllll il 



llillllllllllll 



gliliilliiiiii 



iillllii 



1^ . . • 



iiiiiiiiiiisiii 



|1 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 



Plate I. Frontispiece. — A typical mountain apple orchard located on the northeast 
slope of Sharp Peak (Peaks of Otter), Virginia. This orchard contains many Yel- 
low Newtown trees. Elevation, about 2,300 feet; soil, Porters black loam. 

Plate II. Fig. 1. — Country characteristic of the Piedmont region, Virginia, showing 
the rolling character of the land. Young apple orchard at the right, Peaks of 
Otter at the left. Elevation, 1,000 feet; soil, Cecil clay. Fig. 2. — A young inter- 
planted peach and apple orchard, Amherst County, Va., in the Piedmont region. 
Located at the base and on the lower slopes of a spur of the Blue Ridge. 

Plate III. Fig. 1. — A detached knob of the Blue Ridge on which are located profitable 
orchards of Yellow Newtown apples and Bilyeu peaches. A desirable location 
for these varieties. Fig. 2. — Lower portion of a "cove" orchard, Albemarle 
County, Va., looking down the cove. 

Plate IV. — Relief map showing a portion of the Piedmont region adjacent to the Blue 
Ridge, the Blue Ridge region south of a point in that region in proximity to 
Charlottesville, Va., and other contiguous areas not included in the present paper. 
(Original modeled by E. E. Howell and negative of same loaned by him to this 
Department.) 

Plate V. — Map showing the pomological regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic 
States. Section of map indicated by lighter horizontal hatching represents ele- 
vation from sea level to 500 feet; mostly Coastal Plain. Section indicated by 
heavier diagonal hatching represents elevations from about 500 feet to 1,500 feet, 
except in Virginia north of the Roanoke River, where the extreme elevation is 
1,000 feet; nearly all Piedmont region. Vertical hatching represents elevations 
from 1,500 feet, except in Virginia as noted above, to 4,000 feet; Blue Ridge 
region. Lighter diagonal hatching represents elevations from about 1,500 feet to 
4,000 feet; Allegheny and Cumberland plateaus. Solid green areas, elevations 
exceeding 4,000 feet. Heavier horizontal hatching, elevations from about 500 
to 1,500 feet; valley regions. (Base map, section from contour map, by United 
States Geological Survey.) 
135 
96 



Bui. 135, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate II. 




Fig. 2.— a Young Interplanted Peach and Apple Orchard at the Base of Tobacco 
Row Mountain, Amherst County, Va., in the Piedmont Region. 



Bui. 135, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate III. 




Fig. 2.— Lower Portion of a Cove Orchard, Albemarle County, Va. 



Bui, 135, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 



Plate !V. 




Relief Map Showing a Portion of the Piedmont and Blue Ridge Regions of the 
South Atlantic States. 

[Photographed from a model by Howell.] 



I 



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INDEX. 



[In the case of synonyms the names are distinguished from the leading varietal names by the use of 

italic type.] 

Page. 

Albemarle County, Va., peach orchards 51 

Allegheny Plateau, location 15, 18 

Altitudes, relation to fruit varieties, grouping 62-67 

American Meteorological Journal, quotation on "thermal belt" 26 

Pomological Society, fruit district work 13 

Amherst County, Va., peach orchards 51 

Appalachian Valley, location 15, 18 

Apple growing, extent 29-30 

variety, Albemarle Pippin, behavior and range 47-48 

Arkansas, description, behavior, and phenological records 30, 71 

Black, behavior 30-31 

Baldwin, description, behavior, and phenological records 31, 71 

Bellflower, behavior 47 

Ben Davis, description, behavior, and phenological records. 31-32,72 

Big Hill, behavior 41 

Black Coal, description and behavior 36 

Bonum, description, behavior, and phenological records 32, 73 

Buckingham, behavior 32 

Buncombe, behavior 32 

Cannon Pearmain, description and behavior 32-33 

Carolina Red June, behavior 42 

Carthouse, description and behavior. 35 

Delaware Red Winter, behavior 37 

Disharoon, description and behavior 33 

Domine, behavior 33 

Duchess of Oldenburg, behavior and phenological records 40, 76 

Dula, description and behavior 33 

Dula's Beauty, description and behavior 33 

Early Harvest, behavior and phenological records 34, 73-74 

Ripe, behavior 34 

Equinetely, behavior 32 

Esopus, behavior 34 

Spitzenburg, behavior 34 

Fall Cheese, behavior 34 

Orange, description and behavior 34-35 

Pippin, behavior. 35 

Queen, behavior 32 

Fallawater, behavior 35 

Gano, behavior and phenological records 35, 74 

Geneton, description and behavior 41 

GilleiVs Seedling, behavior 42^3 

Gilpin, description and behavior 35 

Gravenstein, behavior and phenological records 35, 75 

Green Cannon, description and behavior 32-33 

Limbertwig, description and behavior 37-38 

Greening, behavior 42 

Grimes, description, behavior, and phenological records 35-36, 75 

Golden, description and behavior 35-36 

Hoover, description and behavior 36 

Janet, description and behavior 41 

Johnson's Fine Winter, behavior 49 

Jonathan, behavior 36-37 

10207°— Bui. 135—11 7 97 



98 OECHABD FEUITS IN VIKGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Page. 

Apple variety, June, behavior 42 

King, behavior 44-45 

of Tompkins County, behavior 44-45 

Kinnard, description and behavior 37 

Kinnard's Choice, description and behavior 37 

Kittageskee, description and behavior 37 

Large Romanite, hehdiYiOY 40 

Striped Pearmain, description and behavior 38 

Lawver, behavior 37 

Limbertwig, description, behavior, and phenological records. 37-38, 75 

Liitle Red Romanite, behavior 35 

McAfee, description and behavior 38 

Magnum Bonum, description and behavior 32 

Maiden Blush, behavior and phenological records 38, 76 

Mammoth Black Twig, description and behavior 30 

Milam, behavior 38 

Missouri, behavior 39 

Pippin, behavior 39 

Nansemond, description and behavior 39 

Beauty, description and behavior 39 

Never/ail, description and behavior 41 

New York Pippin, behavior and range 47-48 

Newtown Pippin, behavior and range 47-48 

Nickajack, description and behavior 39 

North Carolina Red June, behavior 42 

Northern Spy, description, behavior, and phenological rec- 
ords 39-40,76 

Oldenburg, behavior and phenological records 40, 76 

Ortley, behavior 40 

Paradise Winter Sweet, behavior 46-47 

Pennock, behavior 40 

Pennocks, behavior 40 

Phoenix, behavior 40 

Pilot, behavior 40 

Pine Stump, description and behavior 40-4:1 

Prince's Yellow Harvest, behavior 34 

Pry or, behavior 41 

Pry or' s Red, behavior 41 

Rabun, description and behavior 41 

Bald, description and behavior 41 

Ralls, description, behavior, and phenological records 41, 77 

Rawles Genet, description and behavior 41 

Rebel, description and behavior 42 

Red Astrachan, behavior and phenological records.. 42, 77-78 

Cannon, description and behavior 32-33 

June, behavior 42 

Limbertwig, description and behavior 37-38 

Pennock, behavior 40 

Warrior, description and behavior 47 

, Winter Pearmain, behavior 32 

Rhode Island Greening, behavior 42 

Roman Beauty, behavior 42 

Romanite, description and behavior 35 

Rome Beauty, behavior and phenological records 42-43, 78 

Roxbury, behavior 43 

Russet, behavior 43 

Shockley, description, behavior, and phenological records 43,78 

Smith Cider, description and behavior 43-44 

Smokehouse, behavior and phenological records 44, 79 

Spy, description and behavior 39-40 

Stayman Winesap, description and behavior 44 

Summer Rambo, behavior 44 

Terry, description and behavior 44 

Winter, description and behavior - 44 

Tompkins King, behavior 44-45 

Tulpehocken, behavior 34-35 

135 



INDEX. 99 

Page. 

Apple variety, Virgi Beauty, description and behavior 45 

Pilot, behavior 40 

Pippin, behavior and range 47-48 

Wealthy, behavior 45 

White Bell flower, behavior 40 

Willow, behavior 45 

Twig, behavior 45 

Winesap, description, behavior, and phenological records... 45-46,80 

Winter Paradise, behavior and phenological records 46-47, 81 

Penick, behavior 40 

Yates, description and behavior 47 

Winter, description and behavior 47 

Yellow Bellflower, behavior 47 

Earvesi, behavior ■. 34 

Juneating, behavior 34 

Newtown, behavior, range, and phenological records. 47-48, 81 

Transparent, behavior and phenological records 49, 82 

York Imperial, behavior and phenological records 49, 83 

Apples, nomenclature, discussion 29 

varieties, behavior 28-49 

grouping according to behavior at different altitudes in dif- 
ferent latitudes 64-66 

phenological records, table 71-83 

susceptibility to bitter-rot 37, 41, 43, 46-47 

Bedford County, Ya., peach orchards 51 

soils, description 21 

Bitter-rot, apple, susceptibility of varieties 37,41,43,46-47 

Blight, pear, susceptibility of Bartlett and Le Conte 50-51 

Blue Ridge and Piedmont regions, climate 22-27 

phenological records 68-95 

physical and climatic conditions 14-27 

description 15-18 

pomological aspect 28 

soils 18-22 

Mountains, description 17 

region, fruit varieties, grouping by altitude and latitude 64-67 

topography 16 

Bureau of Plant Industry, fruit district investigations 7-13 

Caldwell County, N. C, origin of Dula apple 33 

Cherry growing, extent 61-62 

variety. Carnation 62 

Centennial 62 

Elton 62 

Ida 62 

May Duke 62 

Morello (English) 62 

Napoleon 62 

Ohio Beauty 62 

Oxheart 62 

Richmond 62 

Rockport 62 

Spanish 62 

Tartarian 62 

Wood 62 

Climate, data from orchards, difficulty of obtaining 23 

definition 22 

effect on plant life 22-23, 26-27 

importance as a factor in distribution of plant life 22 

Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions, description and records 22-27 

'records, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia 24-25 

Coastal Plain, Virginia and the South Atlantic States, topography 15 

Cove orchards, location 18 

Cumberland Plateau, location 15,18 

Disease, fruit. See Bitter-rot and Blight. 

Frostless zone. Piedmont region, description and location 26-27 

Frosts, relation to successful fruit growing 26-27 

135 



100 ORCHAKD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Page. 

Fruit district investigations, nature, object, and scope 7-13 

work of American Pomoiogical Society 13 

Bureau of Plant Industry 7-13 

growers, cooperation in investigations 14 

growing, commercial aspect 7-10 

phenological records 68-95 

standards of success 9-11 

value of "personal equation" 11 

Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia 28 

ripening period, important factor 8 

varieties, adaptability and commercial value, study 10, 13, 28-29 

adaptation to different uses, recommendation 63-67 

grouping according to behavior at different altitudes in differ- 
ent latitudes 62-67 

Geological divisions, Vii'ginia and the South Atlantic States 15 

Georgia, climatological records, 1902 and 1903 25 

northern, peach growing, extensive orchards 51 

Habersham County, Ga., origin of Disharoon apple 33 

Home supply, adaptability of fruit 7, 63-67 

Introduction to bulletin 7-13 

Latitudes, fruit varieties, grouping 62-67 

Lumpkin County, Ga., growth of Kinnard apple 37 

McDowell, Silas, description of thermal belt, Blue Ridge region 26 

Meteorology. See Climate. 

Mountains, North and South Carolina and Virginia, description 17 

Nelson County, Va., growth of fruits 19, 48 

North Carolina, climatological records, Lenoir and Kinston, 1902 and 1903 24-25 

Orchards, climatological data, difficulty of obtaining 23 

Peach variety, Albright, description and behavior 52 

Albright's Winter, description and behavior 52 

Alexander, behavior and phenological records 52-53, 87 

Amsden, behavior and phenological records 53, 88 

Amsden's June, behavior 53 

Arkansas Traveler, behavior 53 

Beatrice, behavior 53 

Belle, behavior 53 

of Georgia, behavior 53 

Bilyeu," description, behavior, and phenological records 53-54, 88 

Bilyeu's Comet, description and behavior 53-54 

Late, description and behavior 53-54 

October, description and behavior 53-54 

Bishop, behavior 54 

Bishop's Early, behavior 54 

Carman, behavior and phenological records 54, 88 

Champion, behavior and phenological records 54, 88 

Chinese Cling, behavior and phenological records 54, 89 

Comet, description and behavior 53-54 

Connett, behavior and phenological records 54-55, 89 

ConnetVs Southern Early, behavior 54-55 

Crosby, behavior and phenological records 55, 89 

Early Crawford, behavior and phenological records 55, 90 

Rivers, behavior 58 

Eaton, behavior 55 

Eaton's Golden Cling, behavior 55 

Elberta, behavior, ripening season, and phenological records. 55-56, 91 

George IV, behavior 56 

Globe, behavior 56 

Greensboro, behavior 56 

Heath Cling, behavior 56 

Henrietta, description and behavior 57 

Late Crawford, behavior 57 

Levy, description and behavior 57 

Levy's Late, description and behavior 57 

Lorentz, behavior 57 

Mountain Rose, behavior 57 

Oldmixon, behavior 67 

Parsons, behavior - 57 

135 



INDEX. 101 

Page. 

Peach variety, Parsons' Early, behavior 57 

Picquet, behavior 57 

PicqueVs Late, behavior 57 

Rivers, behavior 58 

St. John, behavior 58 

Sal way, behavior 58 

Smock, behavior 58 

Sneed, behavior 58 

Southern Early, behavior 54-55 

Stump, behavior 59 

Triumph, behavior 59 

White Heath Cling, behavior 56 

Wonderful, behavior 59 

Yellow St. John, behavior 58 

Peaches, varieties, behavior 51-59 

grouping according to behavior at different altitudes in 

different latitudes 66-67 

I)henological records, table 87-91 

Pear-blight, susceptibility of Bartlett and Le Conte varieties 50-51 

variety, Angouleme, behavior and phenological records 50, 84 

Anjou, phenological records 84 

Bartlett, behavior and phenological records 50, 84 

Clairgeau, phenological records 85 

Clapp Favorite, behavior 50 

Duchesse de Angouleme, behavior 50 

Early Harvest, phenological records 85 

Garber, behavior and phenological records. 50, 85 

Kieffer, description, behavior, and phenological records 50-51,85 

Le Conte, behavior and phenological records 51, 86 

Seckel, behavior and phenological records 51, 86 

Sheldon, phenological records 86 

Pears, varieties, behavior 50-51 

phenological records, table 84-86 

Phenology, data, list of observers 70 

definition, application to fruit-growing interests 68 

records of fruit growing , . . 68-95 

Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions, climate 22-27 

phenological records 68-95 

physical description 15-18 

pomological aspect. 28 

soils 18-22 

region, fruit varieties, grouping by altitude and latitude 64-67 

topography. 16 

Plant Industry Bureau, fruit district investigations 7-13 

Plates, description 96 

Plum growing, extent and locality 59 

variety. Abundance, behavior 60 

Bailey, behavior 60 

Burbank, behavior 60 

Damson, behavior 60 

Gold, description and behavior 60 

Golden, description and behavior 60 

Milton, behavior 60 

Red June, behavior 60 

Satsuma, description and behavior 60-61 

Shropshire, behavior 61 

Damson, behavior 61 

Smiley, behavior 61 

Wickson, behavior 61 

Wildgoose, behavior and need of cross-pollination 61 

Willard, behavior 61 

Plums, cross-fertilizers for Wildgoose 60-61 

varieties, behavior 59-61 

Pomology, aspect in Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions 28 

Rainfall, factors which govern 23 

Rappahannock County, Va. , growth of Bonum apple 32 

135 



102 OECHARD FRUITS IN VIRGINIA AND OTHER STATES. 



Page. 

Records, climatological, Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia 24-25 

phenological 68-95 

Ripening, period, important factor in value of fruit 8 

Scope of fruit district investigations 13-14 

Soil, Cecil clay, description, constituents, and occurrence 19 

loam, description, constituents, and occurrence 19 

sandy loam, description, constituents, and occurrence 20 

Murrill clay loam, description, constituents, and occurrence 21 

sandy loam, description, constituents, and occurrence 21 

Porters black loam, description, constituents, and occurrence 20 

clay, description, constituents, and occurrence 20 

sand, description, constituents, and occurrence 20 

sandy loam, description, constituents, and occurrence 21 

Soils, Piedmont and Blue Ridge, classification and description 18-22 

South Carolina, climatological records for Conway, 1902 and 1903 25 

Thermal belt. Blue Ridge region, description 26-27 

Virginia, Albemarle County, importance as peach-growing section 51 

and the South Atlantic States, geological divisions 15-18 

climatological records, Bedford city and Petersburg, 1902 and 1903... 24 

135 

o 



LBJL '12 



[Continued from page 2 of cover.] 



No. 69. American Varieties of Lettuce. 1904. Price, 15 cents. 

70. The Commercial Status of Durum Wheat. 1904. Price, 10 cents. 

71. Soil Inoculation for Legumes. 1905. Price, 15 cents. 

72. Miscellaneous Papers. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

73. The Development of Single-Germ Beet Seed. 1905. Price, 10 cents. 

74. Prickly Pear and Other Cacti as Food for Stock. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 
7"). Range Management in the State of Washington. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

76. Copper as an Algicide and Disinfectant in Water Supplies. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

77. The Avocado, a Salad Fruit from the Tropics. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

78. Improving the Quality of Wheat. 1905. Price, 10 cents. 

79. Variability of Wheat Varieties in Resistance to Toxic Salts. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

80. Agricultural Explorations in Algeria. 1905. Price, 10 cents. 

81. Evolution of Cellular Structures. 1905. Price, 5 cents. - 

82. Grass Lands of the South Alaska Coast-. 1905. Price, 10 cents. 

83. The Vitality of Buried Seeds. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

84. The Seeds of the Bluegrasses. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

SG. Agriculture without Irrigation in the Sahara Desert. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

87. Disease Resistance of Potatoes. 1905. Price, 5 cents. 

88. Weevil-Resisting Adaptations of the Cotton Plant. 1906. Price, 10 cents. 

89. Wild Medicinal Plants of the United States^ 1906. Price, 5 cents. 

90. Miscellaneous Papers. 1906. Price, 5 cents. 

91. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed, etc. 1906. Price, 5 cents. 

93. The Control of Apple Bitter-Rot. 1906. Price, 10 cents. 

94. Farm Practice with Forage Crops in Western Oregon, etc. 1906. Price, 10 cents. 

95. A New- Type of Red Clover. 1906. Price, 10 cents. ^ 

96. Tobacco Breeding. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

98. Soy Bean Varieties. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

99. Quick Method for Determination of Moisture in Grain. 1907. Price, 5 cents. 

100. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 25 cents. 

101. Contents of and Index to Bulletins Nos. 1 to 100. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

102. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

103. Dry Fanning in the Great Basin. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 

104. The Use of Feldspathic Rocks as Fertilizers. 1907. Price, 5 cents. 

105. Relation of Composition of Leaf to Burning Qualities of Tobacco. 1907. Price, 10 cents, 

106. Seeds and Plants Imported, Inventory No. 12, 1907, Price, 15 cents, 

107. American Root Drugs. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

108. The Cold Storage of Small Fruits. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

109. American Varieties of Garden Beans. 1907. Price, 25 cents. 

110. Cranberry Diseases. 1907. Price, 20 cents. 

111. Miscellaneous Papers. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

112. Use of Suprarenal Glands in Physiological Testing of Drug Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 

113. The Comparative Tolerance of Various Plants for the Salts Common in Alkali Soils, 1907. 

Price, 5 cents. 

114. Sap-Rot and Other Diseases of the Red Gum. 1907. Price, 15 cents. 

115. Disinfection of Sewage Effluents for Protection of Public Water Supplies. 1907. Price, lOcents. 

116. The Tuna as Food ior Man. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 

117. The Reseeding of Depleted Range and Native Pastures, 1907. Price, 10 cents. 

118. Peruvian Alfalfa. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 

119. The Mulberry and Other Silkworm Food Plants. 1907. Price, 10 cents. 

120. Production of Easter Lily Bulbs in the United States. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

121. Miscellaneous Papers. 1908. Price, 15 cents. 

122. Curly-Top, a Disease of Sugar Beets. .1908. Price, 15 cents. 

123. The Decay of OrangesJVhile in Transit from Cahfomia. 1908. Price, 20 cents, 

124. The Prickly Pear as a Farm Crop. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

125. Dry-Land Olive Culture in Northern Africa. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

126. Nomenclature of the Pear. 1908. Price, 30 cents. 

127. The Improvement of Mountain Meadows. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

128. EgjTDtian Cotton in the Southwestern United States. 1908. Price, 15 cents. 

129. Barium, a Cause of the Loco-Weed Disease. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

130. Dry-Land Agriculture. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

131. Miscellaneous Papers. 1908. Price, 10 cents. 

132. Seeds and Plants Imported. Inventory No. 13. 1908. Price, 20 cents. 

133. Peach, Apricot, and Prune Kernels as By-Products of the Fruit Industry of the United States. 

1908. Price, 5 cents. 

134. The Influence of a Mixture of Soluble Salts, Principally Sodium Chlorid, Upon the Leaf Struc- 

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